Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
2. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
3. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
4. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
5. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
6. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
7. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
8. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
9. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
10. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
11. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
12. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
13. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
14. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
15. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
16. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
17. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
18. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
19. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
20. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
21. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
22. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
23. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
24. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
25. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
26. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
27. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
28. Method Highest Average Method in Election Law Formula used in party list proportional voting systems to convert votes into seats. The total number of votes for each party or list is divided by a series of divisors using the D'Hondt method (1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Laguë method (1, 3, 5, etc.). [...]...
29. Transfer Spanish Translation of transferThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to transfer and / or a definition of this topic: Cesión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
30. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
31. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
32. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
33. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
34. Electronic Voting Problems Electronic Voting Problems with Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting ProblemsScientific concerns about the reliability of electronic vote tallying were raised early on, in a 1975 report by voting technology consultant Roy Saltman at the U.S. National Bureau of Standar......
35. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
36. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
37. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
38. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
39. Alternative Vote Majority (Alternative Vote Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system is based upon, full, standard, and preferential voting. Accordingly electors are required to number all candidates in order of preference. A candidate requires an absolute [...]...
40. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
41. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
42. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
43. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
45. Primary Elections Primary Elections in Election Law Elections generally held within political parties to designate the candidates who will represent them in the elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
47. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
50. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
51. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
53. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
54. Majority Majority (By an unspecified method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In any majority electoral system, there is necessariliy a method of deciding the winner when no single option has a majority of the votes cast. However, the method is not always specified in the [...]...
55. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
56. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
58. Integrity Integrity Cost in Election Law Expenses that a country incurs to ensure that elections take place in an environment of fairness and to guarantee a level playing field for all. Such costs can be related to providing equitable media access for parties, party funding, voter education and, in some [...]...
59. Surplus Surplus Votes in Election Law In a single transferable vote (STV) system, this is the number of votes that that exceeds the votes that a candidate needs to win a seat and which are, therefore, transfered to other candidates. Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law Resources [...]...
60. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
62. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
64. Transferable Vote Single Transferable Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The Single Transferable Vote, or STV, is a preference voting system designed to minimise wasted votes in multicandidate elections while ensuring that votes are explicitly for candidates rather than party [...]...
65. Abstention Abstention in Election Law Deliberate refusal on the part of a voter to vote on election day. Abstention can be considered a political statement if a boycott is clearly called for by voters and/or encouraged by political parties. But abstention can also be the result of a lack of interest in [...]...
66. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
67. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
68. Party Systems Political Parties: Party SystemsIntroduction to Party SystemsA political party system consists of all the parties in a particular nation and the laws and customs that govern their behavior. There are three types of party systems: (1) multiparty systems, (2) two-party systems, and (......
69. Presidential Elections Presidential Elections in Election Law Elections in which voters are called on to elect the president of the republic. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
70. Electorate Race and Social Position Introduction to Electorate Race and Social PositionRace and social position are no longer of importance in the composition of an electorate. In the United States, the 15th Amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibited race, color, or previous condition of servitude as grounds ......
71. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
72. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
73. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
74. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
75. Foreigner Foreigner in Election Law A person in a state of which he or she is not a citizen. In some countries, foreign residents are legally allowed to vote under certain conditions, mainly in local elections, such as municipal council elections. Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration [...]...
76. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
77. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
78. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
79. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
80. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
81. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
82. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
83. Electoral College Concept of Electoral College Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Concept of Electoral College Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections Resources See [...]...
84. Electoral Law Electoral Law in Election Law The law governing elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
85. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
86. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
87. Electoral Realignments Election: Electoral RealignmentsIntroduction to Electoral RealignmentsThe outcomes of elections often have important consequences for governmental programs and policies. In the United States, elections have had their greatest impact during times of "critical realignment"-......
88. Electoral Systems Election: Electoral Systems Introduction to Electoral Systems The manner in which governments organize elections and determine winners also affects participation rates. Majority systems require that a victorious candidate receive more than 50 percent of the vote. Under a plurality system, [...]...
89. Electoral Assistance Electoral Assistance Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Electoral Assistance , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Electoral Assistance , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) ...
90. Electoral Commission Electoral Commission in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: An institution set up to manage and supervise elections....
91. Uniform Electoral Procedure Uniform Electoral Procedure and Europe There is an entry on uniform electoral procedure in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Uniform Electoral Procedure" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
92. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
93. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
94. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
95. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
96. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
97. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
98. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
99. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
100. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
101. Election Judges Concept of Election Judges Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
102. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
103. Endorsement A signature, whether or not accompanied by other writings, on the back of a negotiable instrument. By effecting endorsement, the endorsing party usually undertakes to guarantee performance of the instrument, commonly the payment of a specified sum of money at a date prescribed in the [...]...
104. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
105. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
106. Event Concrete Entity and Event Database in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Concrete Entity and Event Database in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Concrete Entity and Event Database may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation [...]...
107. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
108. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
109. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
110. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
111. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
112. Electronic Media Electronic Media in Election Law Means of communication, dissemination and publication of information which differ from the printed press. Information is stored, transmitted and published using technology. Chief among these are internet-based publications, as well as some aspects of television [...]...
113. Empowerment Women's Empowerment in Election Law Process by which women gain power and control over their own lives. It involves awareness-raising, self-confidence building, expansion of choices, increased access to and control over resources and actions to transform the structures and institutions [...]...
114. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
115. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
116. Exclusion Exclusion in Election Law Event which occurs when a potential voter cannot exercise his or her right to vote on election day because his or her name does not appear on the voter list. This can be due to several reasons: an oversight on the part of the voter, the result of his or her refusal to [...]...
117. Exit Poll Exit Poll in Election Law Unofficial estimate of election results obtained by questioning voters as they leave the polling centre. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
118. Political Party Political Party in Election Law Organisation of people who share the same opinions, principles and aspirations regarding how society should be managed and who wish to implement these by obtaining power. Concept of Political Party Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the [...]...
119. Explanatory Memoranda Contents Explanatory Memoranda See: Application of the Ponsonby Rule – Ponsonby Rule (United Kingdom) Explanatory Memoranda in the United Kingdom ... Read more...
120. Consolidation Summary of Consolidation The combination of various small shipments into one large shipment so as to achieve a lower overall freight rate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consolidation of Results in Election Law A process of bringing together election results from a number of [...]...