Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
2. Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest in Election Law Personal, direct or indirect interest of a member or staff of an Election Management Body (EMB), whether financial or otherwise, that is related to any matter that comes up for decision before that EMB. In such a case, the member or staff of the EMB [...]...
3. Media Access to Media in Election Law The right and ability of each candidate to appear in audiovisual media and use any other means to communicate his or her political programme, values and principles to the public. Equal access to media is one of the prerequisites of a fair election. Media in [...]...
4. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
5. Organizational Culture Literature Review on Organizational Culture In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Craig Lundberg offers the following summary about the topic of Organizational Culture: To argue, as is the intent of this entry, that some aspects of cultures, under some [...]...
6. Leadership Charisma or Leadership in Election Law Quality of an exceptional person, often a politician, who creates a compelling feeling among others that he or she has the capacity to lead. Literature Review on Leadership: High Integrity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [...]...
7. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
8. Secondment Secondment of Staff in Election Law Temporary transfer of staff from the public service to work as electoral officials. During the period of transfer, the staff members are under the control and direction of the election management body. Resources See Also Personnel Law Enforcement Officer [...]...
9. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
10. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
11. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
12. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
13. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
14. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
15. Transparency In Public Administration and Policy Transparency and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Transparency: Openness, clarity, and predictability of a country's trade laws [...]...
16. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
17. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
18. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
19. Independence Independence (election Management Body) in Election Law One of the basic principles for an electoral administration for its action to be considered credible and as a factor that induces confidence in the process. While it is arguably the most recognised principle of electoral administration, [...]...
20. Court of Auditors Court of Auditors in Election Law Financial authority in charge of monitoring the management of public funds. In some countries, the court of auditors can intervene in the electoral process to monitor the financing of political parties or election campaigns and the use made by recipients of [...]...
21. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Employee Selection Procedures Literature Review on (Personnel Management) Employee Selection Procedures In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Teva J. Scheer offers the following summary about the topic of (Personnel Management) Employee Selection Procedures: The Uniform Guidelines on [...]...
23. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
24. Legal Framework Legal Framework in Election Law Broad system of rules surrounding the electoral process, consisting of constitutional provisions, legislation and regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Development Policy Literature Review on Development Policy In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lawrence S. Graham offers the following summary about the topic of Development Policy: Development policy is the overarching term we use today in public administration and public [...]...
26. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
27. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
28. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
29. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
30. Administrative Court Administrative Court in Election Law Type of court specialised in ruling on disputes between the public authorities and individuals. It can be mandated by electoral law to rule on election-related disputes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
31. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
32. Volunteer Volunteer in Election Law In an electoral context, a person who decides to donate his or her time without being paid to support a candidate, act as an election observer or take part in citizen activities, in particular civic education. Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to [...]...
33. Diversity Literature Review on Diversity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Sonia M. Ospina and James F. O'Sullivan provide the following summary about the topic of Diversity: Diversity management in the public sector, as in any organization, is a [...]...
34. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
35. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
36. Governance Governance in Election Law Manner of understanding and implementing authority. Characteristics of good governance are a high level of organisation and efficiency. It is measured by many different criteria: delivery, transparency, participation and sharing of responsibilities. Literature Review [...]...
37. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
38. Personnel Turnover Literature Review on (Personnel Management) Turnover In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Christopher Stream and Robert J. Tekniepe provide the following summary about the topic of (Personnel Management) Turnover: Public service administrators have come to [...]...
39. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
40. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
41. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
42. Public Media Public Media in Election Law Written, audiovisual or electronic media which is state-owned. These outlets provide a public service – that of informing citizens – and as such, they are expected to be neutral. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
43. All Hazards Literature Review on (Emergency Management) All-Hazards In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Mike A. Gutierrez and David A. McEntire provide the following summary about the topic of (Emergency Management) All-Hazards: This entry discusses all-hazards [...]...
44. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
45. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
46. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
47. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Organization Development Literature Review on Organization Development In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Gerald T. Gabris offers the following summary about the topic of Organization Development: Organizational development (OD) is a powerful tool in the quiver of arrows available [...]...
49. Code of Conduct Code of Conduct and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Code of Conduct: An international agreement establishing standards of behavior --by countries, corporations, or [...]...
50. Announcement Announcement of Final Results in Election Law Official proclamation after an election (either verbally or in writing, depending on the law) of the number of votes and the corresponding number of seats won by each candidate or each list that stood in the election. Resources See Also Election [...]...
51. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
53. Fundraising Fundraising in Election Law Any method used to collect funds for an election campaign or for the financing of political parties within the limits set by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
54. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
55. Seal Seal in Election Law A device provided to polling officials for use in securely closing the ballot box and packets containing election materials. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
56. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. Businesses Literature Review on Human Rights and Businesses In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Tricia D. Olsen offers the following summary about the topic of Human Rights and Businesses: Businesses are increasingly associated with, and sometimes held accountable for, [...]...
58. Grievance Procedures Literature Review on (Personnel Management) Grievance Procedures and Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lisa Blomgren Bingham and Tina Nabatchi provide the following summary about the topic of (Personnel Management) Grievance Procedures and [...]...
59. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
60. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
62. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
64. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
65. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
66. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
67. Election Judges Concept of Election Judges Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
68. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
69. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
70. Election Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of election law, with a description of the most significant features of election law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Dilution Of The Black Vote: Revisiting The [...]...
71. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
72. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
73. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
74. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
75. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
76. Critical Election Concept of Critical Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
77. Electronic Document Management Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
78. Second Election Second Election Method in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In a mixed system, this refers to the election method by which the fewest members are elected...
79. What is a Section 645 election? Contents What is a Section 645 election? Under Section 645, if both the executor (if any) of an estate and ... Read more...
80. Certificate of Election From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Certificate of Election (1): A certificate of election of officers is prima facie evidence thereof, but the truth may be shown aliunde and a wrong certificate may be cancelled by a judgment of a competent court on a writ of quo warranto [...]...
81. Emergency Management Literature Review on (Emergency Management) Whole Community Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Naim Kapucu offers the following summary about the topic of (Emergency Management) Whole Community Approach: Disasters provide unfortunate reminders of [...]...
82. Ethical Management Literature Review on Ethical Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Hester Paanakker and Leonie Heres provide the following summary about the topic of Ethical Management: Safeguarding ethics and integrity has become an important indicator of public [...]...
83. Environmental Management Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
84. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
85. Evidence-Based Public Management Literature Review on Evidence-Based Public Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Tracey Dodd , Adam Durst and Terry F. Buss provide the following summary about the topic of Evidence-Based Public Management: This entry defines evidence-based [...]...
86. Act of Management Spanish Translation of act of managementThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to act of management and / or a definition of this topic: Acto de Gestión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
87. Management Management Management, Disability From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Management, Disability (1): An unincorporated society is managed by those who are competent to transact their own business. Therefore, it would seem that members must be men over twenty-one years of [...]...
88. Top Management Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
89. Management Contract An arrangement whereby a firm manages or operates a foreign plant on behalf of its local owners in return for a stipulated fee or percentage of the profits.......
90. Risk Management Summary of Risk Management The application of management techniques to identify, quantify, and respond to threats of loss or damage to a firm's assets. Such threats may arise from random events such as fire, explosion, theft, and acts of nature, or from the conscious efforts of external [...]...
91. Property Management Property Management......
92. Management Companies Spanish Translation of management companies [Social Security]This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to management companies [Social Security] and / or a definition of this topic: Entidades Gestoras (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
93. Management Rights Management rights in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Management rights provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Rights pertaining to the running of an establishment that are reserved to management and are not proper subjects for collective bargaining, e.g. hiring, scheduling of [...]...
94. Performance Management Performance management in the Context of Peacemaking Definition of Performance management published by the United Nations: A strategic framework and approach in managing and improving performance, it optimizes results by aligning all operating units, systems and processes in order to achieve [...]...
95. Records Management Contents Records Management In 1994, a veterans group in Georgia submitted a freedom of information (FOI) request to the United ... Read more...
96. Conflict Management Literature Review on Conflict Management: Third-Party Interventions In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] R. Wayne Boss and Mark L. McConkie provide the following summary about the topic of Conflict Management: Third-Party Interventions: Third-party [...]...
97. Crisis Management Literature Review on (Ethics) Crisis Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lina Svedin offers the following summary about the topic of (Ethics) Crisis Management: Ethics and crisis management covers a number of different areas. Primarily they can be [...]...
98. Military Management Literature Review on Military Management: Effects-Based Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Sebastiaan Rietjens and Joseph Soeters provide the following summary about the topic of Military Management: Effects-Based Approach: This entry describes and [...]...
99. New Public Management Literature Review on New Public Management (NPM) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Eran Vigoda-Gadot and Mirit Kisner provide the following summary about the topic of New Public Management (NPM): New Public Management (NPM) is a general name for a [...]...
100. Inventory Management Literature Review on (Procurement) Inventory Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ronald John Hy offers the following summary about the topic of (Procurement) Inventory Management: Inventory management saves money by purchasing as inexpensively as [...]...
101. Strategic Management Literature Review on Strategic Management and Productivity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Arie Halachmi offers the following summary about the topic of Strategic Management and Productivity: This entry describes the main characteristics of strategic [...]...
102. Absentee Management Description of Absentee Management Resources See Also Absentee Landlord Under Landlord...
103. Agricultural Management Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
104. Management Audit Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
105. Management Board Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
106. Management Consultancy Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
107. Management Consultant Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
108. Management Operations Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
109. Management Research Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
110. Management Service Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
111. Management Services Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
112. Middle Management Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
113. Office Management Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
114. Operational Management Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
115. Personnel Management Resources See Also Business Enterprise Personnel Law Enforcement Officer Military Personnel Law Practice Management...
116. Workers Self Management Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
117. Knowledge Management Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
118. Safety Management Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
119. Training Management Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
120. Management Buyout Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...