Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
2. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
3. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
4. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
5. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
6. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
7. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
8. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
9. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
10. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
11. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
12. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
13. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
14. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
16. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
18. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
19. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
20. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
21. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
22. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
23. Limited Voting Limited Voting in Election Law Voting system used in multi-member constituencies. Voters have more than one vote but fewer votes than the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes get elected, but not necessarily with absolute majority. Under a variant of Limited Vote [...]...
24. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
25. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
26. Electronic Voting Problems Electronic Voting Problems with Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting ProblemsScientific concerns about the reliability of electronic vote tallying were raised early on, in a 1975 report by voting technology consultant Roy Saltman at the U.S. National Bureau of Standar......
27. Registration Introduction to Registration Registration, in electoral systems, method usually used to identify voters who are qualified to participate in an election. The act of registration is not, in a strict legal sense, a qualification for voting in the way that age, residence, race, literacy, and rel......
28. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
29. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
30. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
31. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
32. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
33. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
34. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
35. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
36. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
37. Electoral Realignments Election: Electoral RealignmentsIntroduction to Electoral RealignmentsThe outcomes of elections often have important consequences for governmental programs and policies. In the United States, elections have had their greatest impact during times of "critical realignment"-......
38. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
39. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
40. Voter List Final Voter List in Election Law A final list of eligible voters for an upcoming election or referendum updated, after the display and challenge period, with neccesary actions of correction, addition and removal. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Disqualification Spanish Translation of disqualificationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to disqualification and / or a definition of this topic: Inhabilitación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
42. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
43. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
45. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
46. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
48. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
50. Foreigner Foreigner in Election Law A person in a state of which he or she is not a citizen. In some countries, foreign residents are legally allowed to vote under certain conditions, mainly in local elections, such as municipal council elections. Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration [...]...
51. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
52. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
53. Primary Elections Primary Elections in Election Law Elections generally held within political parties to designate the candidates who will represent them in the elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
54. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
55. Omission Omission in Election Law Situation in which the name of a potential voter does not appear on the voter list although the person has registered. In general this is the result of a mistake, either on the part of the electoral administration, such as a data entry error, or on the part of the [...]...
56. Gerrymander Introduction to Gerrymander Gerrymander, apportionment of electoral districts in such a way as to give the political party in power an advantage in electing its representatives. Gerrymandering can be accomplished by dispersing an opponent's supporters across so many electoral districts [...]...
57. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Ballot Ballot Definition Ballot, in modern usage, a sheet of paper used in voting, usually in an electoral system that allows the voter to make choices secretly. The term may also designate the method and act of voting secretly by means of a mechanical device. Used in elections in all democratic [...]...
59. Electorate Race and Social Position Introduction to Electorate Race and Social PositionRace and social position are no longer of importance in the composition of an electorate. In the United States, the 15th Amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibited race, color, or previous condition of servitude as grounds ......
60. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
62. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
63. By-elections By-elections in Election Law Elections conducted to re-allocate one or several seats in a representative assembly following the death, resignation or dismissal of the incumbent(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
64. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
65. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
66. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
67. Indirect Suffrage Indirect Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. An example of this is when voters elect their representatives in parliament who, in turn, elect the president. [...]...
68. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
69. Student’s Guide to Elections Contents Student’s Guide to Elections Editor: Bruce J. Schulman Since the 1980s, Dr. Bruce J. Schulman has been teaching and ... Read more...
70. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
71. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
72. Electorate Gender Introduction to Electorate GenderRestrictions on the basis of gender were ended in the United States with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and in Great Britain with enactment of the "flapper vote" law in 1928. Women were enfranchised in Germany under the Weimar Constitut......
73. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
74. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
75. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
76. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
77. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
78. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
79. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
80. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
81. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
82. Election Judges Concept of Election Judges Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
83. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
84. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
85. Election Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of election law, with a description of the most significant features of election law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Dilution Of The Black Vote: Revisiting The [...]...
86. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
87. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
88. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
89. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
90. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
91. Critical Election Concept of Critical Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
92. Second Election Second Election Method in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In a mixed system, this refers to the election method by which the fewest members are elected...
93. What is a Section 645 election? Contents What is a Section 645 election? Under Section 645, if both the executor (if any) of an estate and ... Read more...
94. Certificate of Election From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Certificate of Election (1): A certificate of election of officers is prima facie evidence thereof, but the truth may be shown aliunde and a wrong certificate may be cancelled by a judgment of a competent court on a writ of quo warranto [...]...
95. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
96. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
97. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
98. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
99. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
100. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
101. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
102. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
103. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
104. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
105. Electoral Law Electoral Law in Election Law The law governing elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
106. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
107. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
108. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
109. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
110. Electronic Media Electronic Media in Election Law Means of communication, dissemination and publication of information which differ from the printed press. Information is stored, transmitted and published using technology. Chief among these are internet-based publications, as well as some aspects of television [...]...
111. Electoral College Concept of Electoral College Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Concept of Electoral College Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections Resources See [...]...
112. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
113. Endorsement A signature, whether or not accompanied by other writings, on the back of a negotiable instrument. By effecting endorsement, the endorsing party usually undertakes to guarantee performance of the instrument, commonly the payment of a specified sum of money at a date prescribed in the [...]...
114. Event Concrete Entity and Event Database in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Concrete Entity and Event Database in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Concrete Entity and Event Database may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation [...]...
115. Empowerment Women's Empowerment in Election Law Process by which women gain power and control over their own lives. It involves awareness-raising, self-confidence building, expansion of choices, increased access to and control over resources and actions to transform the structures and institutions [...]...
116. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
117. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
118. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
119. Exclusion Exclusion in Election Law Event which occurs when a potential voter cannot exercise his or her right to vote on election day because his or her name does not appear on the voter list. This can be due to several reasons: an oversight on the part of the voter, the result of his or her refusal to [...]...
120. Exit Poll Exit Poll in Election Law Unofficial estimate of election results obtained by questioning voters as they leave the polling centre. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...