Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Export Incentives Export Incentives in International Trade Meaning of Export Incentives, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Assistance provided by governments to enable or assist their suppliers in securing foreign markets. Incentives take may forms. Some, such as assisting [...]...
2. Efta Efta Efta in International Trade Meaning of Efta, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental organization set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its four Member [...]...
3. European Option European Option in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of European Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the [...]...
4. International Arrangement on Export Credits International Arrangement on Export Credits in International Trade Meaning of International Arrangement on Export Credits, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An agreement among the members of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) [...]...
5. Export License Export License in International Trade Meaning of Export License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document granting the licensee the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. This license may be require in a [...]...
6. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
7. Import Import in International Trade Meaning of Import, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): 1. To receive goods and services from abroad. 2. An imported item. Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural [...]...
8. Dumping Dumping in International Trade Meaning of Dumping, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The practice of selling a product in a foreign market at an unfairly low price (a price that is lower than the cost in the home market, or which is lower than the cost of [...]...
9. Export Broker Export Broker in International Trade Meaning of Export Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee but does not take part in actual sales transactions....
10. Intracen Intracen in International Trade Meaning of Intracen, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The International Trade Center is a Geneva based organization that belongs to the United Nations and provides a wide range of technical assistance to developing [...]...
11. Movement Certificate Eur 1 Movement Certificate in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eur 1 Movement Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Goods transport certificate and proof of [...]...
12. Export Manager Export Manager in International Trade Meaning of Export Manager, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An export manager serves as intermediary between foreign buyers and domestic sellers. Unlike trading companies who buy the products before selling directly [...]...
13. Jetro Jetro in International Trade Meaning of Jetro, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Japan External Trade Organization, an official agency depending on the Ministry of International Trade and Industry that administers the export and import promotion [...]...
14. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
15. WTO WTO in International Trade Meaning of Wto, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Trade Organization was established by the Uruguay Round in 1995 as successor to the GATT (General Agreement o Tariffs and Trade), the WTO is the only global organization [...]...
16. Economic Development Economic Development of Society (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Economic Development of Society means: is a multidimensional process, covering economic growth, structural changes in economy, improvement of conditions and quality of life. Legal Issues in the Third World’s [...]...
17. Export Business Plan Export Business Plan in International Trade Meaning of Export Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purpose of an export business plan is to prepare companies, specially middle and small to enter the international market place or to better [...]...
18. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
19. Trade Fair Trade Fair in International Trade Meaning of Trade Fair, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A stage-setting event in which firms of several nationalities present their products or services to prospective clients in a pre-formatted setting, usually a booth [...]...
20. Export Declaration Export Declaration in International Trade Meaning of Export Declaration, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document declaring designated goods to be shipped out of the country. This document should be completed by the exporter and filed with [...]...
21. Transport Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) in International Trade Meaning of Roll-on/roll-off (roro), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A combination of road and sea transport, where loaded road vehicles are driven on to a ferry or ship (roll-on/roll-off ship) and off at the [...]...
22. Vat Vat Vat in International Trade Meaning of Vat, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Value Added Tax is a tax assessed on the increased value of goods as they pass from raw material stage through the production and distribution processes to final [...]...
23. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
24. Chamber of Commerce WCF in International Trade Meaning of WCF, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Chambers Federation is a ICC's specialized division for its chamber of commerce members worldwide. WCF also manages the ATA Carnet System and its guarantee chain for [...]...
25. Piggyback Distribution Piggyback Distribution in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Distribution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Piggyback is a form of distribution in foreign markets in which a SME company (the "rider"), deals with a larger company (the [...]...
26. World Economic Forum World Economic Forum in International Trade Meaning of World Economic Forum, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): International institution established in 1971 in Geneva, Switzerland, committed to improving the state of the world through public-private [...]...
27. European Social Charter Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european social charter explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional [...]...
28. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
29. Freight Summary of Freight The earnings that a carrier derives from the carriage of merchandise. Freight should not be confused with cargo, which is the merchandise itself. Also, the term freight is used to represent payment made by a charterer to the vessel's owner for use of a ship under a [...]...
30. Wipo Wipo Wipo in International Trade Meaning of Wipo, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Intellectual Property Organization is specialized agency of the United Nations system that seeks to promote international cooperation in the protection of [...]...
31. EEC Embracing mainstream international law, this section on eec explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. EEC and Europe There is an entry on eec in the European legal encyclopedia. EEC and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization [...]...
32. Safeguards Safeguards in International Trade Meaning of Safeguards, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Emergency measure taken when increased imports of particular products cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the importing country's domestic industry. [...]...
33. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
34. United Nations Economic and Social Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations Economic and Social DevelopmentThe second major function of the UN is to promote economic and social development worldwide. The UN engages in a myriad of activities and sponsors a large number of age......
35. Born Global Born Global in International Trade Meaning of Born Global, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Born global is a type of company that from the beginning of its activities pursues a vision of becoming global and globalizes rapidly without any preceding long [...]...
36. Nafta Nafta Nafta in International Trade Meaning of Nafta, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A free trade agreement comprising Canada, Mexico and the United States. The objectives of the agreement are to eliminate barriers to trade, promote conditions of fair [...]...
37. EC EC and Europe There is an entry on ec in the European legal encyclopedia. EC and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also European Community Resources See [...]...
38. Free Trade Zone Spanish Translation of free trade zoneThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to free trade zone and / or a definition of this topic: Zona de Libre Comercio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
39. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
40. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
41. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
42. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
43. Trade Name Trade Name in International Trade Meaning of Trade Name, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The name under which an organization conduct business, or by which the business or its goods or services are identified. it may or may not be registered as a trademark....
44. Trade Promotion Organizations Trade Promotion Organizations in International Trade Meaning of Trade Promotion Organizations, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): There are various governmental and non- governmental organizations that play a role in the promotion of international trade. [...]...
45. Trade Liberalization Introduction Trade liberalisation involves removing or reducing barriers to trade between different countries. One of the opposing forces that have shaped the changing pattern of world trade over the last 200 years was the promotion of free trade. The Relative Impact of Trade Liberalization [...]...
46. Eurostat Eurostat in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eurostat, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Eurostat is the Statistical Office of the European Union. Its task is to provide the [...]...
47. Untacd Untacd in International Trade Meaning of Untacd, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The United Nations Commission for Trade and Development is a United Nation Agency based in Geneva, which has developed numerous international instruments as regards trade [...]...
48. European Internal Market Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
49. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
50. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
51. G-7 G-7 (Group of Seven) in International Law Meaning of G-7 Group of Seven, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Group comprising the major industrialized nations in economic terms, which in view if the global importance of the member states have made in their [...]...
52. ICEX ICEX in International Trade Meaning of Icex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Spanish official agency depending on the Ministry of Economy that administers the export and investment programmes of the Spanish Government. Website....
53. Invisible Barriers to Trade Invisible Barriers to Trade in International Trade Meaning of Invisible Barriers to Trade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Government regulations that do not directly restrict trade, but indirectly impede free trade by imposing excessive or obscure [...]...
54. ISO ISO in International Trade Meaning of ISO, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The International Standards Organization was established in 1947 as a worldwide federation of national bodies representing approximately 90 members. The scope of ISO covers [...]...
55. Prochile Prochile in International Trade Meaning of Prochile, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Chilean official agency that administers the export and investment programmes of the Chilean Government. Website....
56. Ubifrance Ubifrance in International Trade Meaning of Ubifrance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The French official agency depending on the Ministry of Economy that administers the export and investment programmes of the French Government. Website....
57. Developed Countries Summary of Developed Countries A generalized grouping of the industrialized nations. Customarily, the term is applied to those nations that are members of the organization for economic cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) plus the [...]...
58. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
59. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
60. Global Competitiveness Report Global Competitiveness Report in International Trade Meaning of Global Competitiveness Report, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This annually published report by the World Economic Forum assesses the competitiveness of 144 economies, providing insight [...]...
61. Kotra Kotra in International Trade Meaning of Kotra, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Korean Trade and Investment Agency, and official agency depending on the Korean Government that administers the export, import and invest programmes of Korea. Website....
62. Trade Facilitation Trade Facilitation in International Trade Meaning of Trade Facilitation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). The International Law of Customs: Trade [...]...
63. Websites International Trade Websites Meaning of International Trade Websites, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Internet is the main tool to obtain information on foreign markets. There is a huge amount of information online including: international trade [...]...
64. Balance of Trade Balance Of Trade Summary of Balance Of Trade The sum total, in monetary terms, of a nation's merchandise (i.e., "visible") exports less the value of merchandise imports during a given time period, usually one year. Merchandise imports and exports are contrasted with trade in [...]...
65. Offer Summary of Offer In vessel charter transactions, synonymous with Firm Offer (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Best and Final Offer (BFO) in International Trade Meaning of Best and Final Offer (bfo), according to the [...]...
66. Border Protection Customs Border Protection ...
67. Country of Destination Country of Destination in International Trade Meaning of Country of Destination, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The nation in which exported goods are to be used or consumed, as known to the shipper at the time of export....
68. Wco Wco in International Trade Meaning of Wco, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Customs Organization is an independent intergovernmental body whose mission is to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of customs administrations. With over 90 [...]...
69. Confirming House A commercial institution engaged in nonrecourse financing of foreign trade. The confirming house may confirm a foreign buyer's order, acting as guarantor of payment to the seller; in some cases, the confirming house may actually take title to the goods as agent for the foreign purchaser, [...]...
70. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
71. Bureau International Des Expositions Bureau International Des Expositions (BIE) in International Trade Meaning of Bureau International Des Expositions (BIE), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The International Exhibitions Bureau, was established by the Paris Convention of 1928. BIE is an [...]...
72. Consignee Marks Consignee Marks in International Trade Meaning of Consignee Marks, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A symbol placed on packages for export, generally consisting of a square, triangle, diamond, circle, cross, etc., with design letters and/or numbers for [...]...
73. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
74. Freight Forwarder Freight Forwarder in International Trade Meaning of Freight Forwarder, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A person engaged in the business of assembling, collection, consolidating, shipping and distributing less-than-carload or less-than-truckload freight. [...]...
75. Inland Carrier Inland Carrier in International Trade Meaning of Inland Carrier, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A transportation line that hauls export and import traffic between ports and airports and inland points....
76. Inward Foreign Manifest Inward Foreign Manifest (IFM) in International Trade Meaning of Inward Foreign Manifest (IFM), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A complete listing of all cargo entering the country of discharge. Required at all world ports, it is the primary source of [...]...
77. Master Form Master Form in International Trade Meaning of Master Form, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Central document in export administrative systems under which all necessary information is entered into a single master document or computer file, which is the [...]...
78. Export Earnings Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
79. Cargo Summary of Cargo Merchandise in the process of being transported; not to be confused with freight, which, in maritime usage, is the sum earned by a carrier for transporting goods. General cargo consists of various commodities comprising the property of many shippers or consignees; special [...]...
80. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
81. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
83. CFS CFS Charge in International Trade Meaning of Cfs Charge, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The charge assessed for services performed at the origin or destination for loading or unloading of cargo into/from containers at a CFS Container Freight Station....
84. Globaltrade Globaltrade in International Trade Meaning of Globaltrade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Online business directory of export services providers and market analysis. It is a private website, sponsored by different agencies of foreign trade promotion. [...]...
85. Sanction Sanction in International Trade Meaning of Sanction, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An embargo imposed against an individual country by the United Nations -or a group of nations – in an effort tom influence its conduct or its policies. See also [...]...
86. Sanitary Measures Sanitary Measures in International Trade Meaning of Sanitary Measures, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Regulations that governments impose to restrict imports for health protection reasons. See also phytosanitary certificate; sanitary certificate. [...]...
87. Commercial Presence Commercial Presence in International Trade Meaning of Commercial Presence, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In international marketing forms of entry strategies, having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country....
88. Ex Works Ex Works in International Trade Meaning of EXW (Ex Works), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms EXW the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, et.) to the [...]...
89. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
90. Global Trade Alert Global Trade Alert in International Trade Meaning of Global Trade Alert, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Website that offers information about international trade barriers or state measures that are likely to affect international trade. It identifies the [...]...
91. Go-between Go-between in International Trade Meaning of Go-between, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An intermediary employee by foreign firms for the purpose of gaining contacts, language ability, or knowledge of local business practices. A go-between can be [...]...
92. International Container Bureau International Container Bureau (BIC) in International Trade Meaning of International Container Bureau (bic), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Established in 1933 under the International Chamber of Commerce and headquartered in Paris, France, BIC is the [...]...
93. Economic Development Financing Literature Review on Economic Development Financing In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] William L. Waugh offers the following summary about the topic of Economic Development Financing: Economic development is a policy priority for most local, regional, and [...]...
94. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
95. Sad Sad in International Trade Meaning of Sad, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Single Administration Document is a customs declaration document used by all countries within the European Union (EU). It is required for all exports of goods outside the [...]...
96. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
97. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
98. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
99. Economic Analysis of Law ContentsEconomic Analysis of LawIntroduction: Critical legal studiesCritical Legal Studies Movement DevelopmentFurther ReadingNotesSee Also Economic Analysis of Law Introduction: Critical legal ... Read more...
100. Economic Friction Cultural, religious, or ideological perspectives that interfere with and distort opportunities for trade or economic advancement.......
101. Economic Mobilization The orchestration and direction of a nation's economic resources under governmental auspices, toward the attainment of a clear national goal, such as the prosecution of a war. Mobilization may involve the allocation of labor and raw materials to essential projects on a priority basis, rationing ......
102. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
103. Endorsement A signature, whether or not accompanied by other writings, on the back of a negotiable instrument. By effecting endorsement, the endorsing party usually undertakes to guarantee performance of the instrument, commonly the payment of a specified sum of money at a date prescribed in the [...]...
104. Entrepot A warehouse or storage facility where foreign merchandise may be deposited and withdrawn for re-export without incurring customs duties.......
105. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
106. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
107. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
108. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
109. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
110. Economic And Social Council Of The United Nations Economic and Social Council of the United Nations OutlineECOSOC is one of the major organs of the UN, consisting of 54 members. Its main function is to develop and coordinate social and economic policies of UN members. There are five regional commissions under ECOSOC: the Economic Commissio......
111. Ecclesiastical Courts in the Middle Ages Introduction to Ecclesiastical Courts in the Middle AgesIn the Middle Ages, the church reached the zenith of its power: It became a world state, the popes became temporal potentates, and canon law and the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts were extended to embrace virtually the entir......
112. Ecclesiastical Courts Origins Introduction to Ecclesiastical Courts OriginsEcclesiastical courts originated among the early Christians in Rome before the adoption of Christianity by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in the 4th century. The Christians, as a persecuted sect, had no access to the Roman courts; Roman cour......
113. Economic And Social Council Introduction to Economic and Social Council Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, composed of representatives of 54 countries. Each year 18 members are elected by the UN General Assembly for 3-year terms. ECOSOC's early activities were [...]...
114. Economic Causes of Crime Environmental and Social Theories of Crime: Economic CausesIntroduction to Economic Causes of CrimeStudies concerning the influence of economic factors on criminal behavior have attempted to link economic deprivation to increased motivation to commit crimes (especially property cri......
115. Economic Partnership Agreements EPA and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EPA provided by the European Union Commission: Economic Partnership Agreements: The ACP countries and the EU have agreed to enter into economic integration agreements - concluding newWTO compatible trading arrangements, progressively [...]...
116. Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries or Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries or [...]...
117. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
118. Economic Strategy Institute Economic Strategy Institute in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Strategy Institute: A private organization based in Washington, DC, that conducts studies and makes policy [...]...
119. EC Commission EC Commission in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of EC Commission: The "executive branch" of the European Community, which is responsible for carrying out policies approved by the EC [...]...
120. Economies of Scale Economies of Scale and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Scale: (Also known as increasing returns to scale.) Cost savings that occur in production processes where higher output [...]...