Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Labor Protection Labour Protection This section provides an overview of labour protection within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Drusilla Brown, [...]...
2. Policy Space Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Policy Space This section provides an overview of specific exceptions in investment law protecting policy space within the legal context of Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, [...]...
3. Waivers This section provides an overview of waivers within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Isabel Feichtner, [...]...
4. Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space This section provides an overview of specific exemptions in trade law protecting domestic policy space within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, [...]...
5. Free Trade Exceptions Article XX GATT, Art XIV GATS This section provides an overview of article xx gatt, art xiv gats within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). [...]...
6. Safeguards Safeguards in International Trade Meaning of Safeguards, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Emergency measure taken when increased imports of particular products cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the importing country's domestic industry. [...]...
7. WTO Instruments Derogations and Exceptions in Other WTO Instruments This section provides an overview of derogations and exceptions in other wto instruments within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting [...]...
8. Public Morals This section provides an overview of public morals within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Robert Howse, "Public Morals," [...]...
9. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
10. Labor Standards The Impact of Labour Standards This section provides an overview of the impact of labour standards within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) [...]...
11. Competition Law Anti-Dumping and Competition Law and the World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping and Competition Law in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of this subject matter [...]...
12. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
13. Financial Stability This section provides an overview of financial stability within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nina Reiser, "Financial [...]...
14. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
15. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
16. Trade In the United States For information about Trade in the context of international trade, click here Trade and the Laws of International Trade Prohibited actions Export Administration System Trade and the Laws of International Trade Intent Export Administration System American Coasting Trade: [...]...
17. Non-tariff Barriers Non-tariff Barriers (NTBS) in International Trade Meaning of Non-tariff Barriers (NTBS), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Market access barriers that result from prohibitions, restrictions, conditions or specific requirements and make importing products [...]...
18. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
19. Protectionism Protectionism Definition Protectionism may be defined as government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods. The debate between protectionism and free trade has been a continuing issue in United States politics. Meanings For information on: * systematic protectionism [...]...
20. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
21. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
22. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
23. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
24. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
25. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
26. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
27. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
28. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
29. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
30. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
31. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
32. Rules Relating to Investment This section provides an overview of rules relating to investment within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources [...]...
33. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
34. Customs Regulation Market Access: Customs Regulation in International Economic Law In international economic law, market access: customs regulation includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Harmonised System and Schedules of Concession Modes of Multilateral Tariff [...]...
35. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
36. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
37. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
38. Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Standards Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Regulation and Standards This section provides an overview of impact of preferential trade agreements on regulation and standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with [...]...
39. Investment Regulation Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, impact of domestic regulation on trade in goods, services and on investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal [...]...
40. Regulatory Barriers to Trade Regulatory Barriers to Trade: Private Standards This section provides an overview of regulatory barriers to trade: private standards within the legal context of Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition in international economic law, with coverage of Domestic Regulation (Behind the [...]...
41. Domestic Law Legal Issues Domestic Law as a source of International Commercial Law Domestic law, in the context of export and import control and foreign investment, is an important and difficult source of international commercial law. The difficulty arises from the fact that validity and enforcement of a [...]...
42. Domestic Corporation A corporation operating in the jurisdiction in which it was formed; hence, a New York corporation is a domestic corporation in New York, but a foreign corporation everywhere else.......
43. Domestic Commercial Law Legal IssuesInternational commercial law is not exactly a sub-branch of international law, because it includes three components: international treaties, customs, and domestic law which is accepted by the parties concerned. The inclusion of domestic commercial law distinguishes international......
44. Domestic Violence Domestic or Intimate Partner Violence Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour and the Law Literature Review on Domestic Violence In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Janine M. Zweig and Lauren Bennett Cattaneo provide the following summary about the topic of [...]...
45. Domestic Observer Domestic Observer in Election Law Citizen or, in some countries, a resident who monitors the election process in his or her own country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Domestic Court Domestic Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on domestic court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "domestic court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
47. Domestic Jurisdiction Embracing mainstream international law, this section on domestic jurisdiction explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "domestic jurisdiction" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
48. Domestic Regulation Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) This section provides an overview of domestic regulation (behind the borders) within the legal context of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in [...]...
49. Domestic Courts The Role of the Domestic Courts in International Economic Law In international economic law, the role of the domestic courts includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Direct Effect of International Agreements Fork-in-the-Road Provisions...
50. Domestic Policies Balancing a Diversity of Interests This section provides an overview of balancing a diversity of interests within the legal context of Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Jonathan Gass, "Balancing a Diversity of [...]...
51. Domestic Animal Description of Domestic Animal Resources See Also Domitae Naturae Mansuetae Naturae Animals...
52. Domestic Work Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to domestic work in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
53. Domestic Worker Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to domestic worker in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
54. Domestic Content Requirement Domestic Content Requirement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Domestic Content Requirement: A requirement that foreign firms selling a particular product must use goods [...]...
55. Domestic Protecting Policies Domestic Protecting Policies Development This section provides an overview of Domestic Protecting Policies Development within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). [...]...
56. Domestic Policy Space Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in International Economic Law In international economic law, recognised policies protecting domestic policy space includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Public Morals Environmental Protection [...]...
57. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
58. Domestic Regulation Relating to Services Rules on Domestic Regulation Relating to Services This section provides an overview of rules on domestic regulation relating to services within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of [...]...
59. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
60. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
61. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
62. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
63. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
64. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
65. Domestic Subsidy An economic grant provided by a governmental authority to a domestic manufacturer, grower, or producer to increase industrial activity or stimulate output of desired products. Economic incentives may come in the form of direct payments, tax relief, low-interest financing, wage subsidies, or in [...]...
66. Domestic Offshore Trade Areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, outside the contiguous forty-eight states, over which economic regulation of ocean shipping is exercised by the Federal Maritime Commission. Apart from movements by water involving these noncontiguous areas (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, et cetera......
67. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
68. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
69. Integrating Domestic Integrating Domestic in International Economic Law In international economic law, integrating domestic includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Multi-Level Governance and Public Goods The Role of Vertically Shared Principles The Role of Lawyers, [...]...
70. Implementing Domestic Law This section provides an overview of implementing domestic law within the legal context of Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Amelia Porges, "Implementing Domestic Law," Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic [...]...
71. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
72. Gross Domestic Purchases An item within the National Income and Product Account Tables that represents the gross national product less exports plus imports.......
73. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
74. Privileged Domestic Status A condition that may be accorded to merchandise of U.S. origin, or to imported merchandise upon which duties have been paid, that is entered into a foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details...
75. MPEPIL: Relationship between international and domestic law Contents MPEPIL: Relationship between international and domestic law   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles ... Read more...
76. Gross Private Domestic Investment The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private expenditures, for capital goods (e.g.. physical plant, equipment) adjusted by the inventory investment (the sum of the increase or decrease of merchandise in inventory during a given time period, usually one year). ......
77. Anti-Trust Rules in Domestic Jurisdiction This section provides an overview of anti-trust rules in domestic jurisdiction within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
78. Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space This section provides an overview of specific exemptions in trade law protecting domestic policy space within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, [...]...
79. 1958 Convention: Relationship with domestic law and other treaties (Article VII) Contents 1958 Convention: Relationship with domestic law and other Treaties (Article VII)   Article VII(1) of the New York Convention ... Read more...
80. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
81. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
82. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
83. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
84. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
85. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
86. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
87. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
88. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
89. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
90. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
91. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
92. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
93. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
94. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
95. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
96. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
97. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
98. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
99. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
100. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
101. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
102. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
103. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
104. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
105. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
106. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
107. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
108. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
109. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
110. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
111. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
112. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
113. Open Market Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
114. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
115. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
116. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
117. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
118. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
119. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
120. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...