Digest of Commercial Laws Main Chapters

Argentina / Australia / Austria / Bangladesh / Belgium / Belize / Botswana / Brazil / Canada / Chile / China / Costa Rica / Cyprus / Czech Republic / Denmark / Ecuador / Egypt / England & Wales / European Union / Finland / France / Ghana / Gibraltar / Greece / Guatemala / Hong Kong / Hungary / India / Indonesia / Iran / Iraq / Ireland / Israel / Italy / Kenya / Lebanon / Macao / Malaysia / Mexico / Morocco / Netherlands / Nigeria / North Korea / Pakistan / Panama / Paraguay / Peru / Philippines / Portugal / Romania / Russia / Saudi Arabia / Scotland / Slovak Republic / South Africa / Spain / Sweden / Taiwan / Turkey / Ukraine / United States

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【Table of Contents】
Standard Outline for Country Digests

1. GENERAL SYSTEM OF LAW
a. Description of System of Law

b. Constitutional Law

c. Statutory Law

2. TRADERS AND NON-TRADERS
a. Definition of Trader

b. Registration of Traders

c. Other Requirements of Traders

3. FOREIGN TRADE
a. General Discussion

b. Regulations and Restrictions

c. Taxation of Foreign Trade

4. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
a. General Discussion

b. Regulations and Restrictions

c. Taxation of Foreign Direct Investment

5. CONTRACTS
a. Formation of Contracts, Offer, and Acceptance

b. Capacity to Contract

c. Formal Requirements of a Contract

i. General

ii. Acknowledgments

iii. Notaries

d. Performance of Contracts

e. Remedies for Failure to Perform

f. Distinction Between Civil and Commercial Contracts

g. Special Requirements of Sales Contracts

6. AGENCY AND COMMERCIAL REPRESENTATION
a. Formation of Agency Contract

b. Rights and Duties of Principal and Agent

c. Liability of Principal for Acts of Agent

d. Types of Agency Permitted in Commercial Relationships

e. Termination of Agency

7. ASSIGNMENTS
a. Assignments of Contracts and Rights Thereunder

b. Assignment of Debts

8. BILLS OF EXCHANGE, PROMISSORY NOTES ANDCHECKS
a. Bills of Exchange: Formal Requirements

b. Promissory Notes: Formal Requirements

c. Checks: Formal Requirements

d. Presentation and Protest

e. Endorsements

f. Recourse and Non-Recourse

g. Fraud and Forgery

h. Legal Interest Rates

9. REAL ESTATE
a. Forms of Ownership

b. Land Registration and Transfer of Title

c. Leases

d. Zoning and Land Use Planning

e. Oil, Gas & Mineral Law

10. LIENS ON REAL PROPERTY
a. Property Subject to Liens

b. Creation of Liens

c. Perfection of Liens

d. Judicial Liens

e. Realization on Property Subject to Lien

f. Termination of Liens

11. PLEDGES AND CHATTEL MORTGAGES
a. Property Subject to Pledge or Chattel Mortgage

b. Creation of Pledge or Chattel Mortgage

c. Perfection of Pledge or Chattel Mortgage

d. Realization on Property Subject to Pledge or Chattel Mortgage

e. Termination of Pledge or Chattel Mortgage

12. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
a. Copyrights

b. Trademarks

c. Trade Secrets

d. Patents

e. Other

13. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
a. Digital Signatures/Encryption Policy

b. Liability of On-Line Service Providers for Actions of

Subscribers (defamation, copyright infringement, etc.)

c. Internet Jurisdictional Issues

d. Licensing Issues (attorneys, doctors etc. practicing via

Internet across jurisdictional lines)

e. Restrictions on Use of Internet

f. Privacy and E-mail Issues (employers monitoring employee

email, etc.)

g. Miscellaneous/Other
14. COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST LAWS
15. BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
a. Corporations

i. Formation

ii. Shareholders

iii. Liability and Bankruptcy

iv. Management and Representation

v. Profit and Losses

vi. Termination

vii. Liability of Ocers and Directors

viii. Liability of Shareholders

b. General Partnerships

i. Formation

ii. Liability and Bankruptcy

iii. Management and Representation

iv. Profit and Losses

v. Termination

vi. Liability of Partners

c. Limited Partnerships

i. Formation

ii. Liability and Bankruptcy

iii. Management and Representation

iv. Profit and Losses

v. Termination

vi. Liability of Partners

d. Other

16. CIVIL ACTIONS AND PROCEDURES
a. General Description of Court System

b. Jurisdiction of Courts

c. Parties to Lawsuit

d. Depositions

e. Discovery

f. Statutes of Limitations

17. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
a. Enforceable Judgments

b. Formal Requirements of Foreign Judgment

c. Procedure for Enforcement of Foreign Judgment

18. WRITS OF EXECUTION
a. Which Courts Have Power to Issues Writs of Execution

b. Execution Procedure

c. Assets Affected

d. Assets Exempt from Execution

19. ATTACHMENTS
a. Property Subject to Attachment

b. Types of Claims that are the Basis for Attachment

c. Attachment Procedure

20. ARBITRATION
a. Selection and Appointment of Arbitrators

b. Enforcement of Arbitral Awards

c. Appeal from Awards

d. International Commercial Arbitration

21. BANKRUPTCY AND CREDITORS’ RIGHTS
a. Distinction between Bankruptcy and Composition

b. Entities Subject to Bankruptcy

c. Reorganization

d .Court’s Jurisdiction

e. Petition for Bankruptcy

f. Procedural Steps in Bankruptcy

g. Other/Miscellaneous


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