Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Divorced Person Hierarchical Display of Divorced person Social Questions > Family > Marital statusSocial Questions > Family > Family law > Maintenance obligationSocial Questions > Demography and population > Composition of the population > Household > One person householdSocial Questions > Family [...]...
2. Income Income or Consumption, Shares of Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Income or Consumption, Shares of Income means: the shares of consumption accruing to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles, based on national household surveys covering various years. [...]...
3. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
4. Parliamentary Committees In relation to the parliamentary committees and constitutional law, Helle Krunke[1] made the following observation: In order to apply a global comparative perspective on 'parliamentary committees', a broad definition of the term is needed. From the outset, inspiration can be found [...]...
5. Household Household (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Household means: a small group of people living in the same territory, who join part or all of their income and property, and consume certain types of products and services, notably housing services and food; there are family and [...]...
6. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
7. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
8. Committees System of Committees Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Committees, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Committees, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) Dooge Committee [...]...
9. Investment Requirements International investment is a cornerstone of the world economy: it creates jobs, economic growth and prosperity at home, and supports development and stability worldwide. United States Office of Investment Affairs (OIA) The Office of Investment Affairs works to improve the climate for [...]...
10. Parliamentary Committee Parliamentary Law Committee WorkIntroduction to Parliamentary CommitteeThe work of deliberative bodies is usually prepared by means of committees. These may be standing committees appointed for a definite time; select committees appointed for a special purpose; or committees of the......
11. Household Income Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
12. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
13. Capital Consumption Allowance The entry, in national income accounting, that represents the aggregate consumption of capital equipment and facilities, i.e., depreciation incurred by the nation's business sector, as well as the aggregate of business casualty losses to plant and equipment during the reporting period.......
14. Taxation in the European Union Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Taxation in the European Union) ...
15. Parent Company Parent Company in International Trade Meaning of Parent Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A parent company, sometimes called a holding company, is a corporation that has subsidiaries which are wholly or partially-owned separate businesses [...]...
16. Wealth Distribution Gini Index (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gini Index means: _easures the extent to which the distribution of income (or consumption) among individuals or households within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages [...]...
17. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
18. Real Estate Investment Trust Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Real Estate Investment Trust) ...
19. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
20. Parliamentary Rules Parliamentary Law Choice of RulesIntroduction to Parliamentary RulesAn organization may adopt as its rules of procedure those of the U.S. House of Representatives, if applicable, or of a standard reference work on parliamentary law. A permanent organization may incorporate certain ......
21. Corporate Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Corporate Tax) ...
22. Company Profiles Company Profiles Materials America’s Corporate Finance Directory B2B Live from 1Stop Data Belgian Company Information Bürgel-Firmenprofile Business Monitor International Company ... Read more...
23. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
24. Deflation Summary of Deflation A decline in the general level of prices, attributable to excessive savings or other factors that have reduced consumption relative to the supply of goods available. Very often, deflation is reflected during the decline phase of the business cycle. There has been no [...]...
25. Household Expenditure Resources See Also Income Distribution Bankruptcy Inequality...
26. Council of Ministers Council of Ministers (Council, or Council of the European Union) and Europe There is an entry on council of ministers (council, or council of the european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Council of Ministers and the European Union Resources See Also Council Resources See Also [...]...
27. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
28. Income Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Income Tax) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Income Tax) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Income Tax) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Income Tax) Black [...]...
29. Income Tax Law Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Income Tax Law) ...
30. Consent to Act as Director Sample ContentsConsent to Act as Director SampleConsent letter of director to act as director of the CompanyIn IndiaConsent to Act as ... Read more...
31. Collectibles Vintage Collectibles Vintage...
32. Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Gross Income) [...]...
33. Captive Insurance Company A subsidiary formed to insure the risks of its noninsurance parent or affiliated companies. The captive may also reinsure risks that have been placed with third- party insurers, all or a portion of which have been transferred subsequently to the captive; in this arrangement, the unrelated insurer is......
34. Adjusted Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, [...]...
35. Consumption Entry Read Entry (Customs) as cross-reference.......
36. Taxation and Customs Union Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Taxation and Customs Union) ...
37. DiviChild #footer-info{display:none;}...
38. Commission Sales Agreement Commission Sales Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Commission Sales Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type or contract, whereby a person or company acts as a sales agent on behalf of the exporting company (principal), introducing its [...]...
39. Home Affairs Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) and Europe There is an entry on justice and home affairs (jha) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
40. Compensatory Financing Facility A special lending facility of the International Monetary Fund designed to aid developing nations confronted with temporary payment imbalances. The facility was established in 1963 to provide shortterm financing to nations dependent upon primary products for export income, and where that income had d......
41. Consumption of Health Care Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Health...
42. Carbon Tax Carbon Taxes The release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a clear example of a negative externality that imposes significant costs on a global scale. In the language of economic theory, the market for carbon-based fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas takes into account only [...]...
43. Council of Europe Hello Council Of Europe Summary of Council Of Europe An association of twenty- one European states formed to identify and collectively pursue areas of common interest, and to provide a forum for the articulation of European unity. The council was formed by treaty in London on May 5, 1949; [...]...
44. Company Law The Legal History of Company Law This section provides an overview of Company Law Applied Company Law Contents of Applied Company Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction; Alternative Business Structures Characteristics of a Company Company's liability in Crime, Contract [...]...
45. Headquarters Company A company organized in a foreign country for the purpose of providing administrative support to affiliate companies. It does not normally take title to products or provide financing.......
46. Complementary Goods Products so related that a change in the demand for one similarly affects demand for the other; e.g., increased consumption of automobiles will normally increase consumption for gasoline, all things being equal.......
47. Union Bridge Company Claim Embracing mainstream international law, this section on union bridge company claim explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "union bridge company claim" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
48. Carnation Case A suit in which the U.S. Tax Court denied, for income tax purposes, the deduction of sums paid by the Carnation Company to its wholly owned Captive insurance company (read this and related legal terms for further details......
49. Affairs Dumas Affair and Europe There is an entry on dumas affair in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Statement of affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Dumas Affair" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
50. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
51. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
52. European Monetary Union Meaning of European Monetary Union Here is a very short concept of european monetary union in the European Union framework: It is a common mistake that EMU means European monetary union. In fact the initials stand for Economic and Monetary Union, a more far-reaching goal. Resources Notas y [...]...
53. Church Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Church Tax) ......
54. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
55. Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to court of justice of the european union on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
56. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
57. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
58. Inventory Investment The aggregate national increases or decreases, expressed in monetary terms, of inventories held by the private sector. Also known as inventory change, an increase or decrease in private sector inventories not offset by current consumption is viewed as an investment in the economy.......
59. Corporate Governance Law Corporate Governance Law......
60. Eurostat Eurostat in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eurostat, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Eurostat is the Statistical Office of the European Union. Its task is to provide the [...]...
61. Open-end Investment Company Resources See Also Mutual fund...
62. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
63. Contract Manufacturing Contract Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of Contract Manufacturing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Contract manufacturing in international markets is used in situations when one company arranges for another company in a different country to [...]...
64. Capital Gain Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gain) ...
65. Capital Gains Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gains Tax) ...
66. Electricity Electricity Consumption Per Capita (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Electricity Consumption Per Capita means: refers to gross production in per capita terms and includes consumption by station auxiliaries and any losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the [...]...
67. Conditional Adjournment Description of Conditional Adjournment In this reference work, conditional adjournment is a sort of the Parliamentary law category. Resources See Also Criminal Law Trial Parliamentary law...
68. Mexican Union Railway Company Claim Embracing mainstream international law, this section on mexican union railway company claim explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "mexican union railway company claim" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
69. Less Developed Country Corporation As provided in the 1980s in U.S. tax laws, a firm that derived at least 80 percent of its income in less developed countries (LDCs) and had at least 80 percent of its assets in LDCs. Dividend and interest income from such corporations was excluded from foreign-base company income to the extent it wa......
70. Company Board Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Labor Dispute...
71. Ireland The Irish Law Site provides links to Irish government Web sites and sites posting Irish law, including the Irish Constitution, the full text of Irish Acts passed since 1922 and recent case law (www.ucc.ie/ucc/depts/law/irishlaw/). For an overview of the Irish legal system, primary legal [...]...
72. Parliamentary Session Parliamentary Session in Election Law Period during which parliament operates. During a parliamentary recess, a permanent committee is usually in place to respond to pressing issues. A parliamentary session differs from a legislative session, which is the duration for which representatives [...]...
73. Vat Vat Vat in International Trade Meaning of Vat, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Value Added Tax is a tax assessed on the increased value of goods as they pass from raw material stage through the production and distribution processes to final [...]...
74. Parliamentary Systems In relation to the parliamentary systems and constitutional law, Rainer Grote[1] made the following observation: The term 'parliamentary system' forms part of a dichotomy widely used in political science in order to categorize the main forms of democratic government. From this [...]...
75. Community Property Community PropertyCommunity Property, in law, possessions held jointly by a married couple. Except for inheritances or gifts to either spouse, all property acquired by the husband or wife during the marriage is usually considered community property. This includes money, real estate, househo......
76. Council of the European Union Council of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Council of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: The Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers" or the "Council") is the Union's main [...]...
77. Adjusted Ordinary Gross Income Resources See Also Personal holding company income...
78. Types of Taxation Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Types of Taxation) ...
79. Companies Companies in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to companies on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on private [...]...
80. Parliamentary Monarchy In relation to the parliamentary monarchy and constitutional law, Rainer Grote[1] made the following observation: A parliamentary monarchy is a political system where the function of head of state (heads of state and government) is vested in a hereditary or elected monarch while a [...]...
81. Main Committees Embracing mainstream international law, this section on main committees explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "main committees" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
82. Sanctions Committees Embracing mainstream international law, this section on sanctions committees explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "sanctions committees" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
83. WEU WEU (Western European Union) and Europe There is an entry on weu (western european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Common Foreign and Security Policy, NATO and WEU and the European Union WEU and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
84. Parliamentary Diplomacy Embracing mainstream international law, this section on parliamentary diplomacy explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "parliamentary diplomacy" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
85. Commercial Relations Cross References of Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation in International Law Counternarcotics majors list, information on International Criminal Law in this legal Encyclopedia.B.2.a. Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, information on Treaty Affairs in this legal [...]...
86. Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
87. Income Differentiation Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation means: ratio between the minimum income 10% of the wealthiest and highest-income families the most low income or people....
88. Financial Reporting Traditionally, the function of financial reporting was to provide proprietors with information about the companies that they owned and operated. Once the delegation of managerial responsibilities to hired personnel became a common practice, financial reporting began to focus on stewardship, [...]...
89. Coverage in Investment Protection This section provides an overview of coverage in investment protection within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Andrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum, [...]...
90. Charter on Fundamental Rights of the European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on charter on fundamental rights of the european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "fundamental rights of the european union, charter on" in the [...]...
91. Customs Legal Issues Customs were the original form of international commercial law. As we have seen in the history of lex mercatoria, the customs existed before any statute of commercial law was made and were often the basis for legislation.(1) Customs in International Trade Meaning of Customs, [...]...
92. Commodities Concept of Ipc An introductory definition of Ipc is provided here: Integrated Programme for Commodities, concerted attempt to control price fluctuations in commodities on which LDC's depended for foreign exchange income (see UNCTAD, GSP) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
93. Tax Extension ContentsTax ExtensionTax Extension in the United States: 2011, 2012, 2013 and BeyondFile Tax Extension OnlineHow to file an Extension for ... Read more...
94. Commodity Price Index An index of prices for a stipulated list of commodities. Prices may be on a spot or futures basis. Customarily, major commodities are traded on exchanges (although there are some exceptions), and price fluctuations can be monitored accordingly. The U.S. Department of Labor maintains an index of twen......
95. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
96. Transfer Pricing The pricing level at which goods are sold between related entities, subsidiary to parent. Transfer pricing has been an area of considerable interest to customs authorities, inasmuch as such sales are often suspected of being manipulated by the parties deliberately to undervalue the goods for [...]...
97. Big Four Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Big Four) Ad......
98. Enterprise Union Enterprise union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Enterprise union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A union whose membership is limited to workers in one particular enterprise. Sometimes called a company union, but should not be confused with a yellow union. Resources Trade [...]...
99. Bond Issuing Issuing BondsBond issuers can sell bonds directly through an auction process or use investment banking services. The investment banker buys the bonds from the issuer and then sells them to the public.Corporate bonds are issued by private utilities, transportation companies, industri......
100. Corporate Acquisitions From Business-to-business Software Startup to SAP's Acquisition, the Law and other Social Sciences Through its cloud-based source-to-pay business network, SAP Ariba provides an integrated platform and interface to help companies manage their supply chain. In this chapter, we examine how [...]...
101. Income Explosion A dramatic increase in per capita income, especially where the income increases are well dispersed throughout the population. Such income increases will stimulate consumer demand, usually reflected in an increase of imports.......
102. Gross Domestic Product Summary of Gross Domestic Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced within a national economy during a given time period, usually one year.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Gross Domestic Product (gdp) (in the Human Development [...]...
103. Standing Committees Standing Committees and International Trade Resources See Also GATT Standing Committees...
104. Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
105. JHA JHA and the European Union Resources See Also Justice and Home Affairs...
106. Tax Rate Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Rate) Ad......
107. Business Forecasting Services Business Forecasting Services If cyclic movements of prices in commodities, securities and money actually occur, as explained under the term ... Read more...
108. Western European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on western european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Western European Union and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
109. Common Agricultural Policy Common agricultural policy (CAP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common agricultural policy (CAP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common agricultural policy is a matter reserved exclusively for the Community. Under Article 33 of the Treaty establishing the [...]...
110. Deferred Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Deferred Tax) ...
111. Excise Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Excise) Ad V......
112. Inheritance Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Inheritance Tax) ...
113. Progressive Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Progressive Tax) ...
114. Property Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Property Tax) ...
115. Regressive Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Regressive Tax) ...
116. Tax Bracket Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Bracket) ...
117. Tax Forms Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Forms) A......
118. Tax Law Careers Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Law Careers) ...
119. Tax Law Jobs Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Law Jobs) ...
120. Withholding Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Withholding Tax) ...