Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
2. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
3. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
4. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
5. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
6. Arms Licensing Arms Licensing and the Laws of International Trade Licensing requirements Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Types of licenses and forms Temporary export license Temporary import license Permanent export license Filing licenses and shipping [...]...
7. Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade (DPACT) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade (DPACT): A policy-Ievel committee that funds part of the [...]...
8. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
9. Specific Limitations on Trade Specific Limitations on Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Specific Limitations on Trade: Measures that limit imports or exports of a product during a specified [...]...
10. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
11. Offshore Procurement In the United States For information about Offshore procurement in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Tariff Schedule Tariff Schedule and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Schedule: A comprehensive list of the goods, which a country imports, and the import duties applicable to each [...]...
13. Marking Rules Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations: National requirements that importers must [...]...
14. Military Equipment In the United States For information about Military equipment in the context of international trade, click here...
15. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
16. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
17. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
18. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
19. Parallel Imports Parallel Imports and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Parallel Imports: Goods, which are authorized by the owner of intellectual properly rights for sale in one country, but [...]...
20. Sovereign The supreme political power that, within its own defined geographical boundaries, is accountable to no authority higher than its own.......
21. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
22. COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls): A working group of 16 [...]...
23. Trade War Introduction to Trade War Trade War, economic tug-of-war between nations in which each side tries to limit the other's exports while flooding the other's market with its own goods." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "http://lawi......
24. Procedural Protectionism Procedural Protectionism and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Procedural Protectionism: Abusive administration of import control procedures allowed under GATT (especially [...]...
25. Upstream Subsidization Upstream Subsidization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Upstream Subsidization: An "indirect export subsidy," whereby a producer benefiting from a government [...]...
26. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
27. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
28. Nontariff Measures Nontariff Measures (NTMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nontariff Measures (NTMs): A broader term than NTBs, including not only import-restricting barriers but also [...]...
29. Reversal of Enforcement Policy In the United States For information about Reversal of enforcement policy in the context of international trade, click here...
30. Export Control Act An act of Congress passed in 1949 requiring that all commercial exports from the United States be licensed. Authority was granted to the president to devise specific regulations to control exports; this authority has been delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. The regulations subsequently [...]...
31. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
32. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
33. Downstream Dumping Downstream Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Downstream Dumping: Sales at below cost in a firm's home country to a "downstream producer," which [...]...
34. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
35. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
36. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
37. Antiboycott Regulations In the United States For information about Antiboycott Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
38. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
39. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
40. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
41. Functioning of the GATT System Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS): Designation for a negotiating group in the Uruguay Round [...]...
42. Quadrilateral Quadrilateral ("Quad") and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Quadrilateral ("Quad"): In GATT parlance, a meeting involving senior trade officials or [...]...
43. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
44. Direct Taxes Direct Taxes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Direct Taxes: Taxes on all forms of income including wages, profits, interest, rents, and royalties, or on the ownership of [...]...
45. Corporate Policy In the United States For information about Corporate Policy in the context of international trade, click here...
46. Trade Regulations In the United States For information about Trade Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
47. Trade Opportunities Program An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. U.S. firms interested in marketing abroad may list their products with the International Trade Administration; this data will be retained in IT A computers and matched with inquiries received by [...]...
48. General Prohibitions In the United States For information about General prohibitions in the context of international trade, click here...
49. Information Exports In the United States For information about Information exports in the context of international trade, click here...
50. Exports Regulations The export administration regulations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions ...
51. Deemed Export In the United States For information about Deemed Export in the context of international trade, click here...
52. Exports Regulation Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Exports Regulation in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup)...
53. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
54. Commerce Control In the United States For information about Commerce control in the context of international trade, click here...
55. Duties on Exports Duties On Exports or Imports in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Duties On Exports or Imports may be found, under the Duties On Exports or Imports subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
56. International Trade Law Outline Following an introductory overview of the principles and structure of international trade law, this entry concentrates on the substantive obligations in the agreements that form part of the World Trade Organization Agreement, including tariff and customs?related matters, [...]...
57. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
58. International Trade International Political Economy Trends: International Trade Introduction to International Trade In the 21st century, international trade has grown to 20 percent of the world's total production of goods and services-around $6.5 trillion per year. This volume of trade is almost seven times [...]...
59. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
60. Defense In the United States For information about Defense in the context of international trade, click here Overlap with export administration regulations in some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Resources See Also Defense Resources See Also Further Reading Information about [...]...
61. Denied Persons In the United States For information about Denied persons in the context of international trade, click here...
62. Re-exports The exportation of merchandise previously imported.......
63. National Exports Exports consisting of goods domestically produced or goods produced within customs-bonded facilities.......
64. Nationalized Exports Goods previously imported and cleared through customs that are exported without having been changed in form or substance.......
65. Exports of Services Exports of Goods and Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Exports of Goods and Services means: the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. Included is the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, [...]...
66. Manufactured Exports Manufactured Exports (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Manufactured Exports means: defined according to the Standard International Trade Classification to include exports of chemicals, basic manufactures, machinery and transport equipment and other miscellaneous manufactured goods....
67. Primary Exports Primary Exports (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Primary Exports means: defined according to the Standard International Trade Classification to include exports of food, agricultural raw materials, fuels and ores and metals....
68. Invisible Exports And Imports Nontangible services (e.g., shipping, insurance, tourism) that are provided on behalf of foreigners and through which foreign exchange is earned or spent.......
69. High-technology Exports High-technology Exports (in the Human Development Area) In this context, High-technology Exports means: _xports of products with a high intensity of research and development. They include hightechnology products such as those used in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific [...]...
70. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
71. Joint Venture Summary of Joint Venture A business enterprise with more than one equity participant; for example, an agreement between a German firm and a U.S. firm to capitalize jointly a new factory in Venezuela. Many countries impose restrictions on joint ventures; these restrictions may take the form [...]...
72. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
73. Export Control Laws Export Control Laws and the Laws of International Trade Worldwide export control laws Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Countries covered Extraterritorial application Entity-based sanctions Other export statutes Due diligence under other export statutes [...]...
74. Export Violations Export Violations and the Laws of International Trade Export violations; evidence of violations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Post-closing discovery of an export violation If an export violation is discovered Ongoing violations Cessation of illegal activity [...]...
75. Munitions Munitions and the Laws of International Trade Munitions list in Some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Registration as a munitions manufacturer Registration as munitions broker Due diligence under the international traffic in arms regulations: Munitions list [...]...
76. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
77. Acquisitions In the United States For information about Acquisitions in the context of international trade, click here Tax Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Acquisitions Intellectual Property and Competition Law Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal [...]...
78. Commerce Sanctions In the United States For information about Commerce sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
79. Compliance Compliance with Law The half century since the end of the Second World War has witnessed the proliferation of international norms, not only in traditional areas of international regulation, but in new fields once thought within the exclusive domes tic jurisdiction of states. As the [...]...
80. Customs Violations In the United States For information about Customs violations in the context of international trade, click here...
81. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
83. Export Compliance Programs In the United States For information about Export Compliance programs in the context of international trade, click here...
84. Export Due Diligence In the United States For information about Export due diligence in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
86. Export Sanctions In the United States For information about Export Sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
87. Foreign Boycotts In the United States For information about Foreign boycotts in the context of international trade, click here...
88. Foreign Employees In the United States For information about Foreign employees in the context of international trade, click here...
89. International Trade Logistics In the United States For information about International Trade Logistics in the context of international trade, click here...
90. License Certifications In the United States For information about License certifications in the context of international trade, click here...
91. Mergers In the United States For information about Mergers in the context of international trade, click here Mergers and acquisitions Competition Implications of Doing Business Overseas Legal Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Mergers and the European Union [...]...
92. Prohibited Services In the United States For information about Prohibited services in the context of international trade, click here...
93. Record-keeping Requirements In the United States For information about Record keeping Requirements in the context of international trade, click here...
94. Reexports In the United States For information about Reexports in the context of international trade, click here...
95. Sanctions Laws In the United States For information about Sanctions laws in the context of international trade, click here...
96. Direct Product Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Direct Product in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
97. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
98. License Introduction to LicenseLicense, a permit granting permission to engage in an activity that would otherwise be illegal. The main purpose of a license is to protect the public interest. A license issued by a government agency is required in order to pursue certain occupations, run certain bus......
99. Enforcement The Legal History of Enforcement in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Enforcement in Islamic Law Federal Trade Commission Act and Enforcement Under the FTC Act and the Electronic Commerce Federal Trade Commission Act and Enforcement Under the FTC Act in the Online Business Law [...]...
100. Defense Article Defense Article and the Laws of International Trade International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Classified defense articles and technical data Defense articles: General provisions Process and procedure: General Certification [...]...
101. Defense Service Defense Service and the Laws of International Trade International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Agreements and other authorizations for defense services: General provisions Manufacturing license agreements and technical assistance [...]...
102. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
103. Defense Export Control In the United States For information about Defense Export Control in the context of international trade, click here...
104. End-users In the United States For information about End-users in the context of international trade, click here...
105. Export In the United States For information about Export in the context of international trade, click here Export in International Trade Meaning of Export, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): To ship an item away from a country for sale to another country. [...]...
106. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
107. Export Documentation In the United States For information about Export Documentation in the context of international trade, click here...
108. License Exceptions In the United States For information about License exceptions in the context of international trade, click here...
109. Sentencing Guidelines In the United States For information about Sentencing guidelines in the context of international trade, click here...
110. Software Export Controls In the United States For information about Software export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
111. Supply Controls In the United States For information about Supply controls in the context of international trade, click here...
112. Trade In the United States For information about Trade in the context of international trade, click here Trade and the Laws of International Trade Prohibited actions Export Administration System Trade and the Laws of International Trade Intent Export Administration System American Coasting Trade: [...]...
113. Trade Authorization In the United States For information about Trade authorization in the context of international trade, click here...
114. Understanding Understanding and the Laws of International Trade U.S.-India Bilateral Understanding Export Administration System ...
115. Intracompany Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Intracompany in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
116. Records Retention Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Records Retention in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
117. Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
118. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
119. Technical Data Information that can be transferred to overseas users only in accordance with export control regulations. The Office of Export Administration regulations (Part 379) define technical data as: Information of any kind that can be used, or adopted for use, in the design, production, manufacture, [...]...
120. Burma The Legal History of Burma This section provides an overview of Burma Burma in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In December 2011, Secretary Clinton became the first U.S. Secretary of State to visit [...]...