Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
2. Dollar Exchange A draft or bill of exchange, wherever drawn, payable in U.S. dollars.......
3. Draft Summary of Draft A written, unconditional demand upon a named party to pay a specified sum of money at a prescribed date. The person who makes the demand for payment, i.e., the person who prepares the draft, is known as the drawer or maker of the instrument; the party of whom payment is [...]...
4. Usance Credit Also known as a time credit, a Letter of Credit (q. v.) that provides that the drafts drawn under the credit will mature thirty, sixty, or more days, up to nine months, after sight or date. A letter of credit providing for settlement more than nine months from shipment of the goods is normally in t......
5. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
6. Sterling Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) against which bills of exchange are to be drawn in pounds sterling.......
7. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
8. General Cargo Rate General Cargo Rate in International Trade Meaning of General Cargo Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The rate a carrier charges for the shipment of cargo that does not have a special class rate or commodity rate....
9. Stowage The act of placing cargo within the hold of a vessel for transit. The term has been extended to include the loading of cargo within containers.......
10. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
11. Documents Against Acceptance Bill Of Exchange, Direct Collection.......
12. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
13. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
14. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 8 A far-reaching and controversial pronouncement by the Financial Accounting Standards Board governing accounting practices used by American firms in transactions involving foreign currencies. The pronouncement, known commonly as FASB 8, came into effect for fiscal years beginning January 1, 1976. Am......
15. Net Ton A unit of measurement in determining the cargo-carrying capacity of a vessel. It is computed in the same manner as the Gross Ton (read this and related legal terms for further details) but includes only revenue-producing......
16. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
17. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
18. Freight Broker Synonymous with Cargo Broker (read this and related legal terms for further details), in vessel charter transactions.......
19. Full And Down The condition of a vessel that is down to marks, i.e., loaded up to the maximum LOAD-LINE (read this and related legal terms for further details) capacity as well as having all cargo- carrying space fully occupied.......
20. Transferable Letter of Credit A Letter Of Credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) that is transferable from the original beneficiary to a subsequent beneficiary. This type of credit is used when the original beneficiary is a br......
21. Time Draft Time Draft in International Trade Meaning of Time Draft, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A financial instrument demanding payment at a future fixed rate, or at a specified period of time after sight (30, 60, 90 day etc.), or after the date of issue. Also [...]...
22. Double Taxation Summary of Double Taxation The condition that arises when a multinational firm is taxed on overseas income in both the source country and the country of the corporation's domicile. This problem arises because nations use varying systems of taxation. Recognizing that double taxation is [...]...
23. Arrival Draft A documentary draft payable upon the arrival of the goods. Customarily, the draft, without accompanying documents, is presented to the drawee upon receipt in the port of discharge; it must be accepted upon arrival of the vessel carrying the goods, or immediately thereafter. ...
24. Notice Of Readiness Written notification provided by a vessel owner to a charterer, shipper, or consignee that the vessel has arrived at port and is prepared to commence loading or discharging of cargo, as the case may be. Failure by the charterer, shipper, or consignee to commence loading/discharging is apt to start L......
25. Measurement Ton An expression of cubic measurement equal to forty cubic feet, used either to define the interior of a vessel or as a basis for assessing freight on cargo. With virtually worldwide conversion to metric measurement, a measurement/stow ton may be defined as the equal of a cubic meter, depending [...]...
26. On Board Bill Of Lading An ocean bill of LADING (read this and related legal terms for further details) bearing the carrier's endorsement "on board" or words of like import stipulating that the cargo covered by the bill of lading ......
27. On Deck Bill Of Lading An ocean BILL of Lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) bearing the specific endorsement "on deck," "on deck at shipper's risk," or words of like import. Such bills of ladi......
28. Sight Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) under which sight drafts shall be drawn.......
29. Clean Letter of Credit Synonymous with CLEAN CREDIT.......
30. Feeder Vessel A small vessel or barge that carries goods from a principal port to outlying ports not served directly by the mother ship.......
31. Wharfage A charge imposed by a pier operator for receiving, handling, and transferring cargo to or from a vessel. Customarily, these charges are absorbed by the vessel. ......
32. After Sight Definition of After Sight in International Trade The following is a concept of After Sight in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In banking, a notation on a draft that indicates that the payment is due a fixed number of days [...]...
33. Discount Discount in International Trade Meaning of Discount, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A deduction from an amount due to given consideration of such circumstances as prompt or early payment or an order of unusually large quantity. Selling a receivable or [...]...
34. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
35. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
36. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
37. Big Eight The eight currencies in which the preponderance of the world's trade is transacted: U.S. dollar, French franc, pound sterling, Swiss franc, Deutschmark, Canadian dollar, Japanese yen, and Italian lira. The seven non-U.S. currencies cited, in the aggregate, routinely account for 90 percent of all......
38. Cargo-Carrying Capacity Synonymous with Deadweight Tonnage (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
39. Gold Tranche Position A drawing of foreign exchange from the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details), by a member nation up to or equal with that country's gold on deposit with the IMF. In effec......
40. Gross Terms Synonymous with Gross Charter (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
41. Long Rate The rate paid by a bank or foreign exchange broker for long bills of exchange (i.e., those having a tenor of more than thirty days) payable abroad.......
42. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
43. Special Cargo Policy A marine cargo policy issued to cover a specific shipment. A special policy may be issued when the shipper infrequently transports goods by water, or when the merchandise is so unusual or so valuable as to warrant a special policy. Frequent shippers customarily obtain an Open Policy (...
44. General Cargo Vessels General Cargo Vessels in International Trade Meaning of General Cargo Vessels, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel designed to handle breakbulk cargo such as bags, cartons, cases, crates and drums, either individually or in unitized or palletized [...]...
45. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
46. Liner Terms A provision in some ship charter contracts in which the vessel pays loading or discharging costs, or both.......
47. Cargo Deadweight Tonnage The cargo- carrying capacity of a vessel, expressed in long tons, derived by substracting the weight of stores, fuel, water, and other necessary provisions from the vessel's deadweight tonnage.......
48. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
49. Flight From The Dollar The large-scale divestiture of dollars and dollar-denominated securities by speculators and capital markets in 1970- 1971 in anticipation of a dollar devaluation. Pessimism concerning the dollar arose in response to growing balance of trade deficits and capital outflows attributable to low U.S. inte......
50. Gross Charter Also known as gross terms, a vessel charter arrangement whereby all expenses, to include loading, unloading, pilotage (read this and related legal terms for further details), et cetera, are for the account of the vessel.......
51. Lighterage A charge imposed for the transfer of cargo from vessel to shore and vice versa by means of lighters.......
52. Respondentia The pledge of cargo by a vessel's master as collateral for a loan to permit the ship to continue on its journey or to make arrangements to forward the goods. The bond so created gives the lender a Maritime Lien (read thi......
53. Seabridge A service offered by some ocean carriers whereby cargo moving between Europe and East Asia is taken by one vessel from the exporting country to a U.S. port for relay, from the same port, to destination. The goods move under a single through bill of lading. A seabridge movement is the effective equiv......
54. Hedging The act of avoiding price fluctuations over time of commodities or foreign currencies by buying or selling "forward." By hedging, a merchant fixes the future price of a commodity or currency. For example, an American who has purchased ten thousand yards of cloth at one pound per yard [...]...
55. Irrevocable Letter of Credit See Letter of Credit.......
56. Availability Definition of Availability in International Trade The following is a concept of Availability in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In letters of credit, refers to the availability of documents in exchange for payment of the [...]...
57. Shipment Received For Shipment B/L in International Trade Meaning of Received For Shipment B/L, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of lading which confirms the receipt of goods by the carrier, but not their actual loading on board. This document can be [...]...
58. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
59. Himilaya Clause A provision in an ocean bill of lading that extends to stevedores or other employees of a carrier the carrier defenses against claims for loss and damage of cargo provided in the carriage of goods by sea act (read this and r......
60. Smithsonian Agreement A largely unsuccessful effort to revive the fixed exchange rate system established by the bretton woods agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
61. Flag Carrier Flag Carrier in International Trade Meaning of Flag Carrier, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel registered under the flag of a particular country. Some counties support their merchant marine industry by limiting certain types of cargo to vessel [...]...
62. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
63. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
64. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
65. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
66. Clean Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) against which the beneficiary may draw without supplying documents.......
67. Shut-Out The act of leaving behind certain cargoes when too much cargo arrives for a given vessel sailing. Usually the cargo is not turned away upon delivery to the pier but is accepted by the carrier and despatched aboard a subsequent vessel.......
68. Cargo Summary of Cargo Merchandise in the process of being transported; not to be confused with freight, which, in maritime usage, is the sum earned by a carrier for transporting goods. General cargo consists of various commodities comprising the property of many shippers or consignees; special [...]...
69. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
70. Prime Rate The rate of interest on business loans by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers. The maintenance of a COMPENSATING BALANCE (read this and related legal terms for further details) by the borrower is custom......
71. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......
72. Spot Rate Spot Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Rate of exchange quoted for purchases and sales of a foreign currency for immediate delivery and payment....
73. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
74. Familiar Drawing Techniques process within the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details) whereby a member nation suffering balance of payments problems may obtain foreign currencies from the IMF in exchange......
75. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
76. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
77. Offer Summary of Offer In vessel charter transactions, synonymous with Firm Offer (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Best and Final Offer (BFO) in International Trade Meaning of Best and Final Offer (bfo), according to the [...]...
78. Roll-On/roll-Off A method of ocean cargo service employing a vessel with ramps astern or amidships to permit wheeled vehicles to be loaded aboard. The opportunity to run cargo on and off by ramps, without the necessity of cranes or similar equipment, permits accelerated loading and unloading of the vessel, particula......
79. Due Date The date on which a note, draft, bill of exchange, or similar instrument matures, i.e., becomes payable.......
80. Value Date The day on which foreign exchange will be delivered and paid for, usually two business days following the transaction.......
81. Date Drafted and Published Date in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This refers to the date the constitution was originally written....
82. Canceling Date The date specified in a charter party by which the vessel must be ready to load; if the vessel is not ready at the specified time, the charterer may exercise his option of rescinding the agreement.......
83. Closing Date The latest date for delivery of cargo to a vessel for a particular voyage.......
84. Date Draft Date Draft in International Trade Meaning of Date Draft, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A draft that matures for a specified number of days after issuance, without regard to the date of acceptance....
85. Breach Date A doctrine in law that holds that, in disputes involving sums denominated in a foreign currency, a court shall require settlement in local currency at the rate of exchange in effect at the time the contract was abrogated.......
86. Self Determination Self-Determination Right of Self-Determination Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Self-Determination, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Self-Determination, [...]...
87. Right of Self Determination Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to right of self determination in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
88. Unit Determination Literature Review on (Personnel Management) Unit Determination In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jonathan P. West offers the following summary about the topic of (Personnel Management) Unit Determination: Bargaining unit determination is an important step [...]...
89. Self-determination and Secession Embracing mainstream international law, this section on self-determination and secession explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "self-determination and secession" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
90. Presidential Determination In relation to the international law practice and Presidential Determination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Criminal Law About this subject: International Crimes Under this topic, in the Encyclopedia, find out information on [...]...
91. Administrative Determination Resources See Also Administrative adjudication...
92. Wage Determination Resources See Also Personnel Law Enforcement Officer Military Personnel Law Practice Management Appraisal...
93. After Date Definition of After Date in International Trade The following is a concept of After Date in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In banking, a notation used on financial instruments (such as drafts or bill of exchange) to fix [...]...
94. End Date End Date in International Trade Meaning of End Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date a contract ends....
95. Argumentunder the Real Id Act and the Rule of Non-inquiry, Trinidad's Challenge to the Determination by the Secretary of State to Surrender Him for Extradition to the Philippines Is Not Justiciable. Argument under the Real id Act and the Rule of Non-inquiry, Trinidad's Challenge to the Determination by the Secretary of State to Surrender Him For Extradition to the Philippines is Not Justiciable. In relation to the international law practice and Argument under the Real id Act and the [...]...
96. Fixed Date Spanish Translation of on the fixed dateThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to on the fixed date and / or a definition of this topic: Fecha Fija (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
97. Expiry Date Expiry Date in E.U. Patent SystemThe date when a patent has run its full term in a country and is no longer protected there (see alsoLapse, Withdrawn)....
98. Filing Date Filing Date in E.U. Patent SystemThe date when the application reaches the patent office in complete form....
99. Acceptance Date Definition of Acceptance Date in International Trade The following is a concept of Acceptance Date in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date on which a draft was signed. For drafts drawn at "X days from [...]...
100. Expiration Date Expiration Date in International Trade Meaning of Expiration Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In a letter of credit transaction, the final date the seller (beneficiary of the credit) may present documents and draw a draft under the terms of the [...]...
101. Issue Date Issue Date in International Trade Meaning of Issue Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date a letter of credit was opened, or the date an amendment was issued....
102. Maturity Date Maturity Date in International Trade Meaning of Maturity Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date an obligation becomes due. In bank collections, the due date of an accepted draft....
103. Presentation Date Presentation Date in International Trade Meaning of Presentation Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date on which compliant documents were given to the issuing bank or any other institution permitted under a letter of credit....
104. Settlement Date Settlement Date in International Trade Meaning of Settlement Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In banking, the date on which payment for a transaction must be made....
105. Shipment Date Shipment Date in International Trade Meaning of Shipment Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date a shipment takes place, which is usually the date of the relevant transport document. For banking purposes, with shipments by vessel for which [...]...
106. Start Date Start Date in International Trade Meaning of Start Date, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The date when a contract begins and the supplier must start providing the contracted goods or services....
107. Critical Date Embracing mainstream international law, this section on critical date explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "critical date" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
108. Anniversary Date Description of Anniversary Date In this reference work, anniversary date is a sort of the Insurance category. Resources See Also Policy Year Insurance...
109. Long Date Forward Long Date Forward in International Trade Meaning of Long Date Forward, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A forward exchange contract whose maturity exceeds one year. See also forward exchange contract....
110. Us Presidential Determination Presidential Determination in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Consistent with § 110(c) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, as amended, 22 U.S.C. § 7107, the President annually [...]...
111. Alternate Valuation Date Description of Alternate Valuation Date In this reference work, alternate valuation date is a sort of the Tax category. Resources See Also Basis Cases Internal Revenue Taxation Tax...
112. Daily Hire The fee paid by a charterer to a vessel owner for each day that the ship is under charter.......
113. Damage Free Car A railcar equipped with a cushioned underframe, adjustable bulkheads, and other special gear to afford added protection to the cargo during transit. This type of car is normally used by shippers of consumer or delicate products.......
114. Danube Commission A multinational organization responsible for maintaining free navigation of the Danube from Ulm, Germany, to the Black Sea. Formed by the Belgrade Convention of 1948, it replaced an earlier body established in 1856. The commission is composed of one representative from each country bordering the Da......
115. Data Plate A metal plate attached to the door of an intermodal container giving the name and address of the manufacturer and details of the container's construction.......
116. Data Tape Service One of several export promotion services of the U.S. Department of Commerce. See Foreign Traders Index.......
117. Datafreight Receipt A document issued by some steamship operators in lieu of a bill of LADING (read this and related legal terms for further details) on straight consignment shipments. Rather than issue a formal bill of lading, the carrier ......
118. Danzig Railway Case Contents1928 Danzig Railway CaseConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s 1928 Danzig Railway Case Advisory Opinion of the ... Read more...
119. Dead Freight A payment made by a charterer to the owner of a vessel as compensation for stowing the ship to less than its capacity. The charterer is bound to ship a "full and complete cargo"; since freight is payable only on the cargo actually shipped, failure to deliver a full load deprives the [...]...
120. Deadweight Tonnage The capacity of a vessel to carry cargo, water, passengers, and stores when loaded to her maximum draft, expressed in long tons.......