Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
2. Currency Area Optimum Currency Area and Europe There is an entry on optimum currency area in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Optimum Currency Area" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
3. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
4. Structural Adjustment Lending World Bank program designed to assist developing nations with balance of payments problems resulting from correctable internal economic patterns. The program provides hard currency loans conditional upon agreement by the beneficiary country to undertake certain specified corrective measures, [...]...
5. International Currency Trends in International Political Economy: International CurrencyIntroduction to International CurrencyExplosive growth in the exchange of foreign currencies in international markets has also transformed the global political economy (see foreign exchange). Advanced telecommunicatio......
6. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
7. Currency Option Currency Option in International Trade Meaning of Currency Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The contractually agreed right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a specific amount of foreign currency at a predetermined price on a specific [...]...
8. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
9. Structural Adjustment Policies Structural Adjustment Policies and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Adjustment Policies: Measures --such as worker re-training and placement, capital formation, and R&D support [...]...
10. Support Mechanism Hierarchical Display of Support mechanism European Union > EU finance > EU financing > EU financial instrumentFinance > Monetary relations > Balance of paymentsFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relations > Currency area > Euro area > European Stability MechanismFinance > [...]...
11. Capital Movement Hierarchical Display of Capital movement Finance > Free movement of capital > Free movement of capitalFinance > Monetary economics > Exchange policy > Foreign exchange marketFinance > Financial institutions and credit > Financial institutionFinance > Monetary relations > [...]...
12. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
13. Balance of Payments Deficit Concept of Balance of Payments Deficit An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Deficit is provided here: a state spends more than it receives from other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
14. Supply and Demand Hierarchical Display of Supply and demand Trade > TradeTrade > Trade policy > MarketEconomics > Economic structure > Economic system > Market economyEconomics > Economic analysis > Economic analysisFinance > Prices > Prices policy > Price formationFinance > Monetary [...]...
15. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
16. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
17. European Currency Unit Summary of European Currency Unit The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) European Currency Unit and the European Union Resources See Also ECU...
18. Revaluation Revaluation in International Trade Meaning of Revaluation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The increase of the value (restoration) of a nation's currency (that had once been devalued) in terms of the currency of another nation....
19. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
20. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
21. Currency Convertible In Fact A national currency that can be used for the settlement of private transactions, as contrasted with an artificial CURRENCY UNIT (read this legal term for further details), such as special drawing rights, which are used only by governments for t......
22. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
23. Convertible virtual currency Contents Convertible (or open) virtual currency Convertible (or open) virtual currency may be either centralized or decentralized. Convertible virtual currency ... Read more...
24. Deflation Summary of Deflation A decline in the general level of prices, attributable to excessive savings or other factors that have reduced consumption relative to the supply of goods available. Very often, deflation is reflected during the decline phase of the business cycle. There has been no [...]...
25. Closed Virtual Currency Contents Closed Virtual Currency Closed Virtual Currency in the E-Commerce Law Non-convertible (or closed) virtual currency is specific toa particular ... Read more...
26. Adjustment Costs Adjustment Costs and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Adjustment Costs: The economic and social costs of reallocating resources from .domestic industries forced to contract as a result of [...]...
27. Common Currency Common Currency and Europe There is an entry on common currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
28. Artificial Currency Unit An international standard of value created by a multilateral agreement. An artificial currency unit (ACU) is not a currency in the conventional sense in that it cannot be used to settle private transactions. An ACU is given a value in terms of a basket of various national currencies in fixed or vari......
29. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
30. Border Tax Adjustment Border Tax Adjustment (BTA) in International Trade Meaning of Border Tax Adjustment (BTA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A tax to which domestically produced goods and imports are subject but from which exports are exempt. Border tax adjustments are [...]...
31. Loss Hierarchical Display of Loss Business And Competition > Accounting > Accounting > Operating resultBusiness And Competition > Business organisation > Business activity > Liquidation > BankruptcyFinance > Monetary relations > Balance of payments > Balance-of-payments deficit Concept of [...]...
32. Adjustment Board Description of Adjustment Board Resources See Also Board of adjustment Resources See Also Zoning Planning...
33. Social Adjustment Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to social adjustment in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
34. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
35. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
36. Inflation Concept of Inflation An introductory definition of Inflation is provided here: money is losing value relative to goods and services produced in an economy Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to inflation in the Max [...]...
37. Cross-Currency Exposure Obligations denominated in terms of a given currency that are not matched by equivalent revenues in terms of that currency. For example, a firm with obligations of 10 million Japanese yen but revenues of only 8 million yen are exposed to the degree that they must purchase, in the foreign exchange ma......
38. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
39. Basic Balance In balance of payments accounting, the sum of the current account plus net long-term capital transactions, public and private. See Balance of Payments.......
40. Currency Controls Currency Controls and International Trade Resources See Also exchange controls...
41. Functional Currency The currency primarily employed by a multinational firm in its principal transactions. Normally this is the currency of the nation in which the firm is based. See financial accounting standards board Statement No. 52.......
42. Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram 2 Contents Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram See also Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram 1984 Tennessee Supreme Court • ... Read more...
43. Foreign Currency Translation The accounting process employed in expressing, in terms of a firm's reporting currency, those transactions that are denominated in a different currency.......
44. Adjustment/Adaptation (Anpassung) Adjustment/Adaptation (Anpassung) in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to adjustment/adaptation (anpassung) on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
45. International Payment Hierarchical Display of International payment Finance > Monetary relations > International financeFinance > Monetary relations > Balance of paymentsFinance > Free movement of capital > Free movement of capital > Capital movementFinance > Financial institutions and credit > Credit > [...]...
46. Single Currency Single Currency and Europe There is an entry on single currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Single Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
47. Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions (BOP Committee) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions (BOP Committee): A GATT standing committee [...]...
48. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
49. Agricultural Adjustment Act Description of Agricultural Adjustment Act Resources See Also Agriculture...
50. Period Adjustment Spanish Translation of accruals and end of period adjustmentThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to accruals or end of period adjustment and / or a definition of this topic: Ajustes por Periodificación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
51. Reporting Currency The currency used by a multinational firm to prepare its financial statements.......
52. Hard Currency A national currency freely exchangeable into gold or the currencies of other nations.......
53. Automatic-adjustment Clause Description of Automatic-adjustment Clause Resources See Also Electricity Public Utilities...
54. Asian Currency Units A unit of account, employed in some Asian banks, equal to the U.S. dollar.The Asian currency unit arose to circumvent banking regulations which prohibited accounts denominated in terms of foreign currency.......
55. Dfc Currency Basket Scheme A mechanism of the World Bank and related agencies whereby loans to development finance companies (DFCs) would be made in a basket of currencies so as to mitigate the effects of exchange rate fluctuations. From 1980, the World Bank has made certain development loans in a mixture of U.S. dollars (usu......
56. Exotic Currency A national currency for which there is not normally a strong demand in the foreign exchange markets. Examples of such currencies are; Eyptian pound, Guyana dollar, and the Nigerian naira.......
57. Exchange Policy Hierarchical Display of Exchange policy Finance > Monetary economicsFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relationsFinance > Monetary relations > European currency > EuroTrade > Trade policy > Commercial law > Law on negotiable instrumentsFinance > Monetary economics > [...]...
58. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
59. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
60. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
61. Bs Bunker Adjustment Factor Bs Bunker Adjustment Factor in International Trade Meaning of Bs Bunker Adjustment Factor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An additional charge added to the base rate ocean freight cost reflecting the cost of fuel (called bunkers) to be used for the [...]...
62. Foreign Currency Statement A financial statement prepared using a functional currency other than that in which the firm customarily reports.......
63. Monetary Relations Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to monetary relations in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
64. General Asset Currency Bank notes secured not by specific assets, e.g., gold or foreign currency on deposit, but by the overall assets of the issuer.......
65. External Debt Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to external debt in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
66. European Currency Hierarchical Display of European currency Law > International law > Public international law > European currency Concept of European currency See the dictionary definition of European currency. Characteristics of European currency [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of European [...]...
67. Balance of Payments Surplus Concept of Balance of Payments Surplus An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Surplus is provided here: a state receives more than it spends in other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
68. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
69. Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
70. Money and Currency Money and Currency in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to money and currency on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on [...]...
71. Oil Facility A borrowing facility established by the International Monetary Fund in June 1974 to provide member nations with financial resources to accommodate balance of payments deficits due to increased petroleum prices. The facility was eliminated in 1976.......
72. Adjustment Bond Resources See Also Bond...
73. European Globalisation Adjustment Fund Hierarchical Display of European Globalisation Adjustment Fund Employment And Working Conditions > Employment > Employment policyEconomics > Economic policy > Economic policy > Economic integration > GlobalisationEuropean Union > EU finance > EU financing > EU financial instrument > [...]...
74. Central Monetary Institutions The principal agencies of government responsible for a nation's international financial affairs, particularly in exchange rate or balance of payments matters. The central monetary institutions usually consist of the ministry of finance and the central bank, or another exchange control agency.......
75. Foreign Currency Transaction For accounting purposes, a transaction stated in terms of a currency other than the firm's functional currency. The purchase or sale of goods priced in terms of a foreign currency and the lending or borrowing of foreign funds represent such transactions.......
76. Credit Policy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
77. Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram Contents Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram • Three former employees of CAB had signed agreements not to compete CAB ... Read more...
78. Official Settlements Balance An element of national balance of payments accounting that represents the transfer of reserve assets to, or borrowing from, foreign governments in order to offset a balance of payments deficit.......
79. Price Formation Hierarchical Display of Price formation Finance > Prices > Prices policyTrade > Trade > Supply and demandFinance > Prices > Market pricesBusiness And Competition > Competition > Competition policy > Competition Price formation Concept of Price formation See the dictionary [...]...
80. Euro Area Hierarchical Display of Euro area Finance > Monetary relations > Monetary relations > Currency areaFinance > Monetary relations > European currency > EuroFinance > Monetary economics > Economic and Monetary UnionFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relations > Currency area > [...]...
81. Judgment Currency Clause An indemnification provision commonly included in Eurocurrency loan agreements. The clause specifies that in the event the lender obtains a court award or judgement against the borrower by reason of default or otherwise, and the award is granted in a currency other than that in which the loan is to ......
82. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
83. International Finance Hierarchical Display of International finance Finance > Monetary relationsFinance > Free movement of capital > Free movement of capital > Capital movementEconomics > Economic structure > Economy > World economyInternational Relations > International affairs > International affairs [...]...
84. Economic Indicator Hierarchical Display of Economic indicator Economics > Economic analysis > Economic analysisEconomics > National accounts > National accounts > Economic aggregate > Domestic product > Gross national productFinance > Monetary relations > Balance of payments > Trade balanceEconomics [...]...
85. Current Balance Current Balance in International Trade Meaning of Current Balance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The value of all exports (goods plus services) less all imports of a country over a specific period of time, equal to the sum of the trade (visible) and [...]...
86. Adjustment Assistance Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
87. Adjustment Policy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
88. Structural Adjustment Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
89. Coordination of EMU Policies Hierarchical Display of Coordination of EMU policies Finance > Monetary economics > Economic and Monetary UnionEconomics > Economic policy > Economic policyFinance > Monetary economics > Monetary policyEconomics > Economic policy > Economic policy > Economic convergenceFinance [...]...
90. Balance On Goods And Services A component of a nation's BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (read this legal term for further details)......
91. Personal Adjustment Training Resources See Also Vocation Vocational Education Profession Vocational Rehabilitation...
92. Clearing Agreement Hierarchical Display of Clearing agreement Finance > Monetary relations > International finance > International paymentFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relations > Monetary agreement Clearing agreement Concept of Clearing agreement See the dictionary definition of Clearing [...]...
93. Balance of Payments Committee Balance of Payments Committee in International Trade Resources See Also Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions....
94. Transfer Pricing Adjustment Contents Transfer Pricing Adjustment Additional Adjustments to Be Made in the Wake of a Transfer Pricing Adjustment By Nicholas Webb, ... Read more...
95. European System of Central Banks European System of Central Banks and the European Union Resources See Also ESCB...
96. Credit Tranche A lending facility at the International Monetary Fund for nations suffering balance of payments difficulties. Before borrowing in the credit tranche, a nation must have exhausted its gold tranche facility. The gold tranche is equivalent to the amount of gold that a nation has deposited with the IMF,......
97. Euro Embracing mainstream international law, this section on euro explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Euro and Europe There is an entry on euro in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Euro" in the work [...]...
98. Exchanger Exchanger Contents Exchanger in the E-Commerce Law An exchanger (also sometimes called a virtual currency exchange) is a person/entity engaged ... Read more...
99. Benefit Adjustment Resources See Also Disability Insurance Social Security Administration Social Security Statement Social Security Benefits...
100. Money Market Hierarchical Display of Money market Finance > Monetary economicsFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relations > Currency areaFinance > Free movement of capital > Financial market Money market Concept of Money market See the dictionary definition of Money market. Characteristics of [...]...
101. Convergence Criteria Convergence Criteria and Europe There is an entry on convergence criteria in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Convergence Criteria" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
102. Economic and Monetary Union Economic and Monetary Union and the European Union Resources See Also EMU...
103. Monetary Compensatory Amount Hierarchical Display of Monetary compensatory amount Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural policy > Common agricultural policy > Agri-monetary policyFinance > Monetary relations > European currency > EuroFinance > Monetary economics > Exchange policy > Exchange [...]...
104. Virtual Currency Virtual currency is a digital representation of value that can be traded on the Internet and functions as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; and/or a store of value, but does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction. Virtual currency is distinguished from fiat [...]...
105. Foreign-exchange Reserves Hierarchical Display of Foreign-exchange reserves Finance > Monetary relations > International financeIndustry > Iron, steel and other metal industries > Metals > Precious metal > GoldFinance > Monetary economics > Exchange policy > Foreign exchange market > Foreign currency [...]...
106. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
107. Capital Account Entries in a nation's balance of payment accounts reflecting long- or shortterm loans made to other countries, or by other countries to the recording nation. See Balance of Payments.......
108. Foreign Exchange Market Hierarchical Display of Foreign exchange market Finance > Monetary economics > Exchange policyFinance > Monetary relations > Monetary relationsFinance > Free movement of capital > Futures marketFinance > Free movement of capital > Free movement of capital > Capital [...]...
109. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
110. Consent to Act as Director Sample Contents Consent to Act as Director Sample Consent letter of director to act as director of the Company In India ... Read more...
111. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
112. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
113. Local Currency Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
114. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
115. Free Movement of Capital Free Movement of Capital and Europe There is an entry on free movement of capital in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Free Movement of Capital" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", [...]...
116. European Monetary System Summary of European Monetary System A mechanism established by the European Communities to mitigate exchange rate fluctuations among the members and establish a zone of "monetary stability in Europe."The EMS is, in part, a fulfillment of the 1970 Werner Report (read this and [...]...
117. French Guiana Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
118. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
119. Market Prices Hierarchical Display of Market prices Finance > PricesIndustry > Industrial structures and policy > Industrial policy > Industrial price > Delivered priceIndustry > Industrial structures and policy > Industrial policy > Industrial priceFinance > Prices > Prices policy > Price [...]...
120. Economic Policy Concept of Economic Policy Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...