Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
2. CFS CFS Charge in International Trade Meaning of Cfs Charge, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The charge assessed for services performed at the origin or destination for loading or unloading of cargo into/from containers at a CFS Container Freight Station....
3. Less Than Container Load A quantity of product less than that which fills a container. In some ocean tariffs, certain minimum utilizations of space are required; if this minimum is not filled, the shipper will be billed for the space not used, up to the minimum required utilization, usually at the rate applied to the [...]...
4. Container Terminal Container Terminal in International Trade Meaning of Container Terminal, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An area designated for the stowage of cargoes in container. Usually accessible by truck, railroad and marine transportation. In this area, containers [...]...
5. Open Top Container Open Top Container in International Trade Meaning of Open Top Container, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A container fitted with a solid removable roof, or with a tarpaulin roof so the container can be loaded or unloaded from the top....
6. Stripping The act of unloading an intermodal ocean container.......
7. Full Container Load Full Container Load in International Trade Meaning of FCL (Full Container Load), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A shipment of sufficient volume or weight to justify the exclusive use if a shipping container....
8. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
9. Import Contract Import Contract in International Trade Meaning of Import Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The import contract is suitable when a company is buying goods from abroad by way of import in the course of a business to business transaction. The [...]...
10. Trade Finance Trade Finance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Finance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This is the way in which an exporter requires an importer to prepay for goods ship. The importer wants to reduce risks by asking the exporter to document that [...]...
11. Reefer Container Reefer Container in International Trade Meaning of Reefer Container, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A controlled temperature shipping container, usually refrigerated. Refrigeration may either be mechanical, which means involving an external power [...]...
12. Kompass Kompass in International Trade Meaning of Kompass, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Kompass is the leading online global business directory with nearly 4 million registered businesses in 60 countries. The search can be done by country, product or company [...]...
13. International Road Transportation Convention International Road Transportation Convention in International Trade Meaning of International Road Transportation Convention, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage by Road was adopted in Geneva in [...]...
14. Mixed Container Load Mixed Container Load in International Trade Meaning of Mixed Container Load, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A container load with different articles in a single consignment....
15. Confirming Confirming in International Trade Meaning of Confirming, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A financial service in which an independent company confirms an export order in the seller's country and makes payment for the goods in the currency of that [...]...
16. Equivalent Unit Forty-foot Equivalent Unit in International Trade Meaning of FEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A practice in marine commerce expressing cargo quantity in terms of forty-foot container loads. One FEU equals two TEUs [...]...
17. Bank Guarantee Bank Guarantee in International Trade Meaning of Bank Guarantee, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract between a bank (as guarantor) and a beneficiary, in which a bank commits itself to pay a certain amount of money under certain specified [...]...
18. Free Carrier (FCA) Free Carrier in International Trade Meaning of FCA (Free Carrier), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms FCA the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier [...]...
19. International Container Bureau International Container Bureau (BIC) in International Trade Meaning of International Container Bureau (bic), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Established in 1933 under the International Chamber of Commerce and headquartered in Paris, France, BIC is the [...]...
20. Open-end Contract Open-end Contract in International Trade Meaning of Open-end Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract by which the buyer may purchase the seller's goods at any time within a specified period without changes in the price or other contract terms....
21. Straddle Carrier A self-propelled vehicle which lifts a container within its own framework. The device is commonly used at port facilities and container yards.......
22. Bank Acceptance Bank Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Bank Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A draft accepted by a bank usually for the purpose of financing the sale of goods to or by the bank's customer. The bill may be drawn , for example, by [...]...
23. Side-door Container Side-door Container in International Trade Meaning of Side-door Container, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A container fitted with a rear door and at least one side door....
24. Steamship Line Steamship Line in International Trade Meaning of Steamship Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company usually having the following departments: vessel operations, container operations, tariff department, bookings, outbound rates, inward rates, and [...]...
25. Vanning Synonymous with stowing or loading a trailer or container.......
26. Clean Collection Clean Collection in International Trade Meaning of Clean Collection, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of instructions to a presenting bank accompanied by a draft and often invoices, but not accompanied by any document restricting possession or [...]...
27. Nvocc Nvocc in International Trade Meaning of Nvocc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Non-vessel-operating common carrier is company providing point-to-point international transport of goods although it does not necessarily operate or own transport vehicles or [...]...
28. Said to Contain Said to Contain (STC) in International Trade Meaning of Said to Contain (stc), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This is a caveat clause applied to container-shipment transport documents, indicating that the carrier has no firsthand knowledge of what was [...]...
29. Terminal Handling Charges Terminal Handling Charges in International Trade Meaning of THC (Terminal Handling Charges), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Charges assessed for services rendered within the container terminals or with respect to containers which will be processed [...]...
30. CMR Transport Document CMR Transport Document in International Trade Meaning of Cmr Transport Document, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This document, also know as CMR consignment note, constitutes a proof of the contract of carriage by road, determines the scope and [...]...
31. Commercial Agency Commercial Agency in International Trade Meaning of Commercial Agency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A relationship between one individual or legal entity (the agent) who represents, acts on behalf of, and binds another individual or legal entity (the [...]...
32. Devanning Synonymous with stripping or unloading a container or trailer.......
33. Equity Joint Venture Equity Joint Venture (EJV) in International Trade Meaning of Equity Joint Venture (EJV), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of joint venture in which two or more parties set up a separate legal company to act as the vehicle for carrying out the [...]...
34. Weight W/M in International Trade Meaning of W/m, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Weight or measurement is a method of quoting freight rates: 1. for sea freight, per metric ton (1.000 kilograms) or per cubic meter (35.3 cubic feet) whichever is greater; 2. for [...]...
35. Straight Straight B/L in International Trade Meaning of Straight B/l, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non-negotiable bill of lading which specifies the consignee to whom the goods are to be delivered. It is used when payment for the goods has been made in [...]...
36. Tare Weight Tare Weight in International Trade Meaning of Tare Weight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The weight of a container and/or packing materials, but without the goods being shipped. The gross weight of a shipment less the net weight of the goods being shipped....
37. Offshoring Offshoring in International Trade Meaning of Offshoring, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Offshoring occurs, when a company moves all or some of its activities to another country. When the costs of running a company are cheaper in another country, the [...]...
38. House-to-house House-to-house in International Trade Meaning of House-to-house, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This term generally refers to a container yard to container yard (CY/CY) shipment, in which case it may be uses merely to quote the rental rate for the [...]...
39. Bank Draft Bank Draft in International Trade Meaning of Bank Draft, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A payment order from a bank, similar to a cashier's cheque. A bank draft is considered cash and cannot be returned unpaid....
40. Consular Declaration Consular Declaration in International Trade Meaning of Consular Declaration, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A formal statement, made in the country of export by the consul of an importing country, describing goods to be shipped to the importing country....
41. Original Equipment Manufacturing Original Equipment Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Type of contract whose purpose is to offer a guarantee to foreign companies subcontracting their manufacturing in [...]...
42. Consular Invoice Read Invoice as cross-reference......
43. Contract Term Definition of As is in International Trade The following is a concept of As is in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract term by which the buyer of goods takes them in the condition they are in without any warranties [...]...
44. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
45. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
46. Offset Requirements Offset Requirements in International Trade Meaning of Offset Requirements, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of counter trade transaction, in an offset contract, which may be required by an importer's government as a condition for approval of [...]...
47. Presenting Bank Presenting Bank in International Trade Meaning of Presenting Bank, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In bank collections, the collecting bank that deals directly with the drawee; usually is the drawee's bank of the account....
48. Documentary Collection Documentary Collection in International Trade Meaning of Documentary Collection, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of payment under which the shipping documents relating to a particular cargo are released to the importer on payment (documents [...]...
49. Groupage Groupage in International Trade Meaning of Groupage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Combining cargo from more than one shipper and/or to more than one consignee for shipment together, usually in a single shipping container. On arrival, the container is [...]...
50. No Commercial Value No Commercial Value (NCV) in International Trade Meaning of No Commercial Value (NCV), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Acronym used in proforma invoices and commercial invoices to express that the merchandise shipped, usually samples. do not have [...]...
51. Destination Delivery Charge Destination Delivery Charge in International Trade Meaning of Destination Delivery Charge, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A charge, based on the container size, which is applied in many tariffs to cargo. This charge is considered accessorial and is [...]...
52. Stuffing The act of loading a container.......
53. Commission Sales Agreement Commission Sales Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Commission Sales Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type or contract, whereby a person or company acts as a sales agent on behalf of the exporting company (principal), introducing its [...]...
54. Gauger Gauger in International Trade Meaning of Gauger, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or company that measures, gauges or otherwise inspected by approved commercial gauger for classification-verification purposes. See surveyor....
55. Integrated Contract Integrated Contract in International Trade Meaning of Integrated Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract that states every provision to which the parties intend to agree. Parol evidence cannot be used to change or supplement the provisions [...]...
56. Supply Contract Supply Contract in International Trade Meaning of Supply Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An agreement by which a seller promises to supply all of the specified goods or services that a buyer needs over a certain time and at a fixed price, and [...]...
57. Trust Receipt An instrument in which a borrower pledges certain specific goods as collateral for a loan. The trust receipt certifies that the named goods are held in trust for the creditor or are segregated in the borrower's premises on behalf of the lender. Proceeds from the sale of the pledged goods [...]...
58. Brokerage Agreement Brokerage Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Brokerage Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type or contract, whereby a person or company acts as a sales agent on behalf of the exporting company (principal), introducing its products to [...]...
59. Reimbursing Bank Reimbursing Bank in International Trade Meaning of Reimbursing Bank, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The bank named in a letter of credit from which the paying, accepting or negotiating bank may request cover after receipt of the documents in compliance [...]...
60. Tri-temp Tri-temp in International Trade Meaning of Tri-temp, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A container that can maintain three exact temperatures zones in different compartments simultaneously....
61. Unenforceable Contract Unenforceable Contract in International Trade Meaning of Unenforceable Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract that is valid, but which the court will not enforce because of some defect such as nondisclosure, an extraordinary event or other [...]...
62. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
63. Subcontractor Subcontractor in International Trade Meaning of Subcontractor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual, business, or company a supplier contracts to deliver or carry out any part of the supplier's contract obligations....
64. Current Balance Current Balance in International Trade Meaning of Current Balance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The value of all exports (goods plus services) less all imports of a country over a specific period of time, equal to the sum of the trade (visible) and [...]...
65. Drum Drum in International Trade Meaning of Drum, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A cylindrical shipping container....
66. Issuing Bank Issuing Bank in International Trade Meaning of Issuing Bank, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The buyer's bank which establishes a letter of credit at the request of the buyer, in favour of the beneficiary (exporter/seller). Also called buyer's [...]...
67. Second Advising Bank Second Advising Bank in International Trade Meaning of Second Advising Bank, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In a letter of credit transaction, the seller usually prefers that the incoming letters of credit be advised through its bank account. However, [...]...
68. Voidable Contract Voidable Contract in International Trade Meaning of Voidable Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract that is valid but that can be declared invalid at the request of one of the parties because of a defect or illegality in making it. For [...]...
69. High Cube High Cube in International Trade Meaning of High Cube, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel shipping container with interior and exterior height dimensions greater than standard container nominal dimensions of 7 feet 6 inch and 8 feet. Many high cube [...]...
70. Invisible Barriers to Trade Invisible Barriers to Trade in International Trade Meaning of Invisible Barriers to Trade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Government regulations that do not directly restrict trade, but indirectly impede free trade by imposing excessive or obscure [...]...
71. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
72. Purchasing Agent Purchasing Agent in International Trade Meaning of Purchasing Agent, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An agent that purchases goods in his/her own country on behalf of foreign purchasers that are his/her clients. The purchasing agent represents and buys a [...]...
73. Wharfinger Wharfinger in International Trade Meaning of Wharfinger, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Personnel in charge of receiving and registering goods in a port on behalf of the carrier. The wharfinger's signature of the shipping note assures the shipper [...]...
74. Cover Resources See Also Binder Cover note...
75. Cover-up Resources See Also Harbor Misprision of felony...
76. Confirmation Note A document prepared by a shipbroker specifying the terms and conditions agreed upon by the principals to a charter transaction. The note will be circulated to the principals for review, after which it will serve as the model for the formal charter party.......
77. Cognovit Note Resources See Also Cognovit judgment Judgment (Confession of judgment)...
78. Promissory Note Introduction to Promissory Note Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified [...]...
79. Delivery Note Delivery Note in International Trade Meaning of Delivery Note, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The delivery note is a document that certifies the delivery of goods to the buyer, who must sign it to make it clear that the goods have been delivered in [...]...
80. Standard Shipping Note Standard Shipping Note (SSN) in International Trade Meaning of Standard Shipping Note (SSN), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): It is the receiving document for ports and containers bases around the world, and advises of the necessary information to process [...]...
81. Note Note, Trustees From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Note, Trustees (1): A church will not be bound by a note which was executed by two of its trustees and sent around to other trustees to sign it, where there was no vote of the board of trustees at an authorized meeting to [...]...
82. Jerquer Note A document issued by customs authorities attesting that a named vessel has been examined and that all cargo has been off-loaded for inspection.......
83. Note From the Editor Note From the Editor in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Some district courts post all of their opinions or certain notable opinions without requiring users to register for PACER first. For example, [...]...
84. Judgment Note Resources See Also Judgment (Confession of judgment)...
85. Note Verbale Note Verbale and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Note Verbale: A formal diplomatic communication delivered orally to an official representative of another country. The [...]...
86. Note Verbal Embracing mainstream international law, this section on note verbal explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "note verbal" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
87. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
88. Combined Transport Document A bill of lading issued by a combined transport operator (read this and related legal terms for further details) covering shipment of goods by more than one mode of transport. The document specifies the point at which th......
89. Commercial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable to pay for merchandise imported under open account terms. Commercial risk is contrasted with political risks, which arise from governmental actions and are unrelated to the financial condition or credit-wor- thiness of the [...]...
90. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
91. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
92. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
93. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
94. Compensation Deal A semibarter arrangement in which goods are purchased partially in cash and partially with other goods.......
95. Compound Duty Cross-reference: Duty......
96. Confirming House A commercial institution engaged in nonrecourse financing of foreign trade. The confirming house may confirm a foreign buyer's order, acting as guarantor of payment to the seller; in some cases, the confirming house may actually take title to the goods as agent for the foreign purchaser, [...]...
97. Consignee The person or firm to whom goods are shipped under a bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) and so named in the bill.......
98. Consignment Summary of Consignment Goods in transit under a bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details)(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consignment in International Trade Meaning of Consignment, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global [...]...
99. Consignor The person or firm shown as shipper on the BILL OF LADING (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
100. Consolidation Summary of Consolidation The combination of various small shipments into one large shipment so as to achieve a lower overall freight rate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consolidation of Results in Election Law A process of bringing together election results from a number of [...]...
101. Container Freight Station A warehouse or terminal licensed by U.S. Customs to receive in-bond consolidations of containerized cargo. The containers delivered to this station carry imported merchandise in small lots destined to many consignees; the goods will be removed from the containers under customs supervision and [...]...
102. Container Yard A facility at which a steamship operator makes full container loads of merchandise available for pick-up by the consignee following discharge from the vessel.......
103. Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
104. Correspondent Bank Summary of Correspondent Bank A bank that acts as the representative of another bank in a given transaction. As a rule, correspondents have sums on deposit with each other for the purpose of settling the transactions of the other bank.(Main Author: William J. Miller) [...]...
105. Counterpurchase A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) in which two parties agree to purchase specified quantities of merchandise from each other at a fixed price. The effect is that each party si......
106. Countertrade A commercial arrangement in which the buyer pays for his purchases, wholly or partly, with something other than money. Very often countertrade deals include some cash, but a significant portion of the transaction is settled with commodities or services. Countertrade has been employed heavily [...]...
107. Countervailing Duties Summary of Countervailing Duties Special duties, over and above ordinary duties, imposed upon imported merchandise to counteract the economic advantage provided to the foreign supplier by his government in the form of export subsidies. The object of countervailing duties is to protect [...]...
108. Country of Origin For customs tariff purposes, the country in which an imported product was manufactured, grown, or produced. When goods pass through more than one country in the process of manufacture, the country of origin does not change unless the product has been transformed substantially; minor [...]...
109. Collusion Collusion, agreement between two or more persons to defraud persons or institutions of their legal rights, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. All acts effected by this means are considered void. A common example is insurance fraud, in which an accident is arranged intentionally to [...]...
110. Copyright Introduction to Copyright Copyright, branch of law granting authors the exclusive privilege to reproduce, distribute, perform, or display their creative works. The goal of copyright law is to encourage authors to invest effort in creating new works of art and literature. Copyright is one [...]...
111. Commission Real Estate meaning of Commission In the words of the Encyclopedia of Real Estate Terms about Commission: Remuneration paid to an agent or broker for his services in conducting a specific duty, such as introducing a purchaser of a property, effecting a sale of a property to a third party, or [...]...
112. Conflict of Laws Conflict of Laws in International Trade Meaning of Conflict of Laws, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Differences between the laws of different countries or other jurisdictions that become significant in determining which law will apply when individuals [...]...
113. Collateral Collateral Provider He or she is the party that is required, pursuant to the terms of the applicable credit support arrangement, to provide collateral in respect of its obligations. A Collateral Provider is refer to the transferor of collateral (under a title transfer document) or the party [...]...
114. Combined Nomenclature Combined nomenclature (CN) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Combined nomenclature (CN) provided by the European Union Commission: A systematic list of goods descriptions based on the Harmonized System, serving for the purposes of the Common Customs Tariff, external trade [...]...
115. Comparative Advantage Revealed Comparative Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage: A measure of relative competitive performance of a country's exporters of a particular [...]...
116. Commercial Counterfeiting Commercial Counterfeiting and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commercial Counterfeiting: A deceptive trade practice involving trademark piracy, false labeling, or other [...]...
117. Compulsory Licensing Compulsory Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Compulsory Licensing: A term used in the context of intellectual property rights, primarily with regard to [...]...
118. Co-branding Co-branding in International Trade Meaning of Co-branding, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A form of cooperation between two or more brands with significant customer recognition, in which all the participants' brand names are retained. The products [...]...
119. Coface Country Risk Coface Country Risk in International Trade Meaning of Coface Country Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Country risk classification provided by the French company COFACE (Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur), [...]...
120. Collect Charges Collect Charges in International Trade Meaning of Collect Charges, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In shipping, the transportation practice under which the receiver of the goods pays charges....