Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
2. Internet Campaign Internet Campaign in Election Law Any means of contact with voters using computer-based or other electronic communication methods. This involves developing a campaign on the internet using web sites and social networks. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
3. State Resources Use of State Resources in Election Law Means made available by the state to individuals or political parties when they are officially candidates for election. The law should make provision to ensure that resources are allocated in a spirit of fairness, allowing everyone to stand for election [...]...
4. Professional Campaign Professional in Election Law Person with proven experience in planning and conducting election campaigns. He or she is specifically skilled in campaign techniques and in making them work, as well as in fundraising, developing campaign messages, working with and through the media, [...]...
5. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
6. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
7. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
8. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
9. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
10. Administrative Court Administrative Court in Election Law Type of court specialised in ruling on disputes between the public authorities and individuals. It can be mandated by electoral law to rule on election-related disputes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
11. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
12. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
13. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
14. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
15. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
16. Finance Manager Campaign Finance Manager in Election Law Person designated by a candidate or a list to manage the financial aspects of an election campaign and ensure compliance with relevant financial regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
18. Flyers Distribution of Flyers in Election Law Handing out of political pamphlets. During an election campaign, pamphlets or papers known as flyers containing information on a candidate and his or her political programme may be distributed door-to-door or in busy public places. Resources See Also [...]...
19. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
20. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
21. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
22. Fundraising Fundraising in Election Law Any method used to collect funds for an election campaign or for the financing of political parties within the limits set by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
24. Private Financing Private Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by private organisations or individuals to candidates or political parties to cover costs incurred by their political activities, such as an election campaign, in particular. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
25. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Legitimate Government Legitimate Government in Election Law Government chosen through a genuine electoral process, in accordance with the constitution and the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
27. Media Access to Media in Election Law The right and ability of each candidate to appear in audiovisual media and use any other means to communicate his or her political programme, values and principles to the public. Equal access to media is one of the prerequisites of a fair election. Media in [...]...
28. Leaflet Flyer or Leaflet in Election Law A form of paper advertisement intended for wide dissemination and typically distributed in public places or posted through letter boxes. They are used to persuade or send political messages as part of political campaign activities, on behalf of a political [...]...
29. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
30. Abuse Abuse of State Resources in Election Law Situation where a candidate, political party (often from the ruling party) or a given authority involved in elections furthers their campaign by making use of state resources in an abusive manner and beyond what the law authorises. For example, the use [...]...
31. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
32. Funding Spanish Translation of fundingThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to funding and / or a definition of this topic: Provisión de Fondos (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
33. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
34. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
35. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
36. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
37. Mayor Mayor in Election Law Official who is responsible for a municipal constituency. He or she can be popularly elected or appointed by the government. Concept of Mayor Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also State Government Local [...]...
38. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
39. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Non-governmental Organisation Non-governmental Organisation (ngo) in Election Law Entities that are neither a part of a government or are conventional for-profit businesses. Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs are highly diverse and can be engaged in a wide range of activities, generally for the public good. In the [...]...
41. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
42. Homogeneous District Homogeneous District in Election Law Electoral district in which there is substantial social, ethnic, religious or linguistic uniformity among potential voters. This can be the result of a deliberate effort at the time of boundry delimitation, or not. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
43. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
45. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
46. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
47. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
48. Journalism Civic Journalism in Election Law Practice and set of values that aim to integrate journalism into the democratic process, based on the belief that such journalism fulfils a public obligation. This goes beyond informing the public, working towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. [...]...
49. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
50. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
51. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Prisoner Prisoner Vote in Election Law Some countries allow prisoners to vote. Given that they are usually incarcerated far from their electoral constituencies and obviously cannot leave, polling centres are set up inside jails so that they may exercise their right to vote. Resources See Also Social [...]...
53. Unrepresented Groups Unrepresented Groups in Election Law Category of the population that can be distinguished by gender, ethnicity, age, social class, occupation, religion, disability, etc., whose interests are not represented, or are poorly represented, by their members within representative assemblies, [...]...
54. Public Media Public Media in Election Law Written, audiovisual or electronic media which is state-owned. These outlets provide a public service – that of informing citizens – and as such, they are expected to be neutral. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
56. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
57. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
58. Integrity Integrity Cost in Election Law Expenses that a country incurs to ensure that elections take place in an environment of fairness and to guarantee a level playing field for all. Such costs can be related to providing equitable media access for parties, party funding, voter education and, in some [...]...
59. Badge Badge in Election Law A label bearing information worn by a person to identify him or her and the organisation which he or she represents or works for. Badges must be worn in a way which allows its owner to be easily identified. In many countries, the electoral law stipulates that badges must [...]...
60. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
61. Announcement Announcement of Final Results in Election Law Official proclamation after an election (either verbally or in writing, depending on the law) of the number of votes and the corresponding number of seats won by each candidate or each list that stood in the election. Resources See Also Election [...]...
62. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
64. Municipality Municipality in Election Law A local administrative division composed of several villages or sometimes city districts, usually represented by an elected body which protects its interests and oversees the administration of its affairs. A municipality is usually financially and administratively [...]...
65. Secondment Secondment of Staff in Election Law Temporary transfer of staff from the public service to work as electoral officials. During the period of transfer, the staff members are under the control and direction of the election management body. Resources See Also Personnel Law Enforcement Officer [...]...
66. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
67. Legal Framework Legal Framework in Election Law Broad system of rules surrounding the electoral process, consisting of constitutional provisions, legislation and regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
68. Officer Returning or District Electoral Officer in Election Law Electoral official responsible for organising the election in a constituency. Resources See Also United States officer Resources See Also the titles Commissioned office Constitutional Corporate Executive Fiscal Judicial Legislative [...]...
69. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
70. Press Release Press Release in Election Law Official statement, announcement or notice published in the media by the government, election authority, candidate(s) or national/international observers on a specific subject. Resources See Also Media Propaganda Media Law Entertainment Law Resources See Also [...]...
71. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
72. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
73. Volunteer Volunteer in Election Law In an electoral context, a person who decides to donate his or her time without being paid to support a candidate, act as an election observer or take part in citizen activities, in particular civic education. Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to [...]...
74. Cost of Capital Cost of Capital and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cost of Capital: For any given level of corporate risk, the cost of capital faced by f1rn1s in a given country --a key element of their [...]...
75. Cost and Freight (CFR) Cost and Freight in International Trade Meaning of Cost and Freight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms CFR the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to named port of destination but the risk of loss and [...]...
76. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
77. Cost Allocation Literature Review on Cost Allocation and Full-Price Costing In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Josephine M. LaPlante offers the following summary about the topic of Cost Allocation and Full-Price Costing: State and local revenue from user [...]...
78. Cost Accounting Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
79. Cost Effectiveness Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
80. Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) Cost, Insurance and Freight in International Trade Meaning of Cif Cost, Insurance and Freight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In this Incoterms, the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition hat he has to procure marine [...]...
81. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Literature Review on Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Michael R. Hawthorne, William G. Albrecht and Kevin S. Freeman provide the following summary about the topic of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA): Cost-effectiveness [...]...
82. Cost Approach Real Estate meaning of Cost ApproachIn the words of the Encyclopedia of Real Estate Terms about Cost Approach: A method or approach used to estimate the value of an improved property whereby the reinstatement cost of the buildings is assessed (after an appropriate allowance for depreciation), [...]...
83. Cost Sharing Cost Sharing in Aging Law Concept of Cost Sharing in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):Payment method whereby a person is required to pay some health costs in order to receive medical care. The general set of [...]...
84. Cost Containment Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
85. Cost Effective Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
86. Capital Cost Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
87. Social Cost Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
88. Client Cost Sharing Resources See Also Social Security Financing Social Insurance Social Security System...
89. Low Cost Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
90. Opportunity Cost Opportunity Cost in International Trade Meaning of Opportunity Cost, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The cost of any activity, measured in terms of the value of the next best alternative that was not selected....
91. Transaction Cost Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Transaction Cost Economics In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Glenn A. Daley offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Transaction Cost Economics: Transaction cost economics (TCE) is the study [...]...
92. Distribution Cost Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to distribution cost in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
93. Labor Cost Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
94. Administrative Cost Resources See Also Disability Insurance Social Security Administration Social Security Statement Social Security Benefits...
95. Low cost internet US legal research Contents Low cost internet US Legal Research To be completed…. Judicial (cases, dockets, rules of court) Casemaker Exclusive partner with ... Read more...
96. The Problem of Social Cost Contents The Problem of Social Cost RONALD COASE I. THE PROBLEM TO BE EXAMINED This paper is concerned with those ... Read more...
97. The Problem of Social Cost 5 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   It is clear that an alternative form of economic organisation which could achieve ... Read more...
98. The Problem of Social Cost 6 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   VII. THE LEGAL DELIMITATION OF RIGHTS AND THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM The discussion in ... Read more...
99. The Problem of Social Cost 7 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   Pigou’s underlying thought would appear to be: Some have argued that no State ... Read more...
100. The Problem of Social Cost 10 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   The definition of the social product is queer but this does not mean ... Read more...
101. The Problem of Social Cost 2 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   X. A CHANGE OF APPROACH It is my belief that the failure of ... Read more...
102. Total Cost of Ownership Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) in International Trade Meaning of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An estimate of the total cost of the goods, services or works over the whole of their life. It's the combination of the [...]...
103. Accelerated Cost Recovery System Description of Accelerated Cost Recovery System In this reference work, accelerated cost recovery system is a sort of the Property, Securities category. Resources See Also Asset Depreciation Range Resources See Also Internal Revenue Property Securities...
104. Equipment Cost Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
105. Overhead Cost Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
106. The Problem of Social Cost 3 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   I have said that the occupation of a neighbouring property by a cattle- ... Read more...
107. The Problem of Social Cost 4 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   It may be argued that the assumed starting point-a herd of 3 steers-was ... Read more...
108. The Problem of Social Cost 8 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   Consider a railway, which is not liable for damage by fires caused by ... Read more...
109. The Problem of Social Cost 9 Contents The Problem of Social Cost   I have examined in considerable detail one example of a divergence be- tween ... Read more...
110. Average Variable Cost Description of Average Variable Cost Resources See Also COST Long-Run Incremental Cost...
111. Country List of Countries and Jurisdictions United States of America Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and [...]...
112. Consolidation Summary of Consolidation The combination of various small shipments into one large shipment so as to achieve a lower overall freight rate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consolidation of Results in Election Law A process of bringing together election results from a number of [...]...
113. Coalition Coalition, temporary combination of groups or individuals formed to pursue specific objectives through joint action. The term coalition is most often used in connection with political parties. Coalition governments, which are frequently found in multiparty countries, such as France......
114. Complaint Complaint, in law, formal pleading, made under oath, charging a person with a crime. (1) Complaint in Election Law Presentation by a plaintiff before the competent electoral or judicial authority, setting forth the claim for which redress is sought. (See: Claim) A Complaint against the Police: [...]...
115. Consensus The Legal History of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) This section provides an overview of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) Consensus in Election Law Method of decision making in which all stakeholders participate and attempt to align their positions. Consensus is not unanimity on a decision but rather [...]...
116. Constitution The Legal History of Constitution This section provides an overview of Constitution Constitution in Election Law Set of fundamental texts which establish a form of government, regulate the relationship between the governing and the governed and define the public power structure. A constitution [...]...
117. Constitutional Court Spanish Translation of Constitutional Court This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to Constitutional Court and / or a definition of this topic: Tribunal Constitucional (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Constitutional Court in Constitutional Law [...]...
118. Code of Conduct Code of Conduct and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Code of Conduct: An international agreement establishing standards of behavior --by countries, corporations, or [...]...
119. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
120. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...