Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
2. Transaction Value Of Similar Goods Sold An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
3. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
4. Customs Enforcement Area An area not to extend more than fifty miles seaward, beyond the CUSTOMS WATERS (read this and related legal terms for further details). Within this zone customs officers are authorized to enforce U.S. laws if the preside......
5. Intermediate Goods Synonymous with Intermediate Products (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
6. Deductive Value Method An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation code (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
7. Zone Restricted Status A condition accorded to goods entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) solely for destruction or exportation to another country. These goods may not be manipulated or proc......
8. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
9. Transaction Value Of Identical Merchandise An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the CustomsValuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
10. Freely Offered Goods offered in the normal course of trade to all buying on essentially the same basis, e.g., with like prices, terms, discounts, et cetera. Under prior valuation schemes, the value at which the goods were "freely offered" served as the basis for the assessment of customs duties; this con......
11. Tariff (Customs) A document issued by a nation's customs authority principally for the purpose of specifying rates of duty to be applied on various imported products. A tariff customarily also includes quantitative restrictions (quotas) upon certain imports, preferential duties on products imported from specifie......
12. Statutory Rate Of Duty The rate of duty on the given product specified by the Smoot- Hawley Act (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1930. The rates established by this act are applied to Column 2 countries, i.e., those t......
13. Marking Duties A special duty, in addition to ordinary duties, imposed upon merchandise not properly marked so as to indicate to the ultimate purchaser the country of origin. Section 304 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, requires that the country-of-origin marking be legible, indelible, and permanent. [...]...
14. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
15. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
16. Switching Also known as switch trading, a Countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) arrangement under which a purchaser in one country assigns to a seller in another country an obligation due from a thir......
17. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
18. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
19. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
20. Prime Rate The rate of interest on business loans by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers. The maintenance of a COMPENSATING BALANCE (read this and related legal terms for further details) by the borrower is custom......
21. Public Stores Generally, a warehouse or other facility operated by the Federal government for the storage of contraband, seized merchandise, or goods not released from Federal custody. Under the customs regulations, these storage facilities are operated by government personnel for merchandise not released from cu......
22. Customs Invoice Read Invoice as cross-reference.......
23. Real Interest Rate Synonymous with effective interest Rate (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
24. Customs Territory The geographical area of a country, its possessions, and surrounding waters within which the customs authority is empowered to impose duties and controls upon foreign merchandise entering therein. The customs territory need not necessarily incorporate all the territory over which a nation [...]...
25. Customs Entry Read Entry (Customs) as cross-reference.......
26. Tariff Rate A rate for insurance coverage specifically prescribed by local regulation. Usually the rate is higher than might be derived through negotiations with a nonadmitted (read this and related legal terms for further details) ......
27. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
28. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
29. Customs Cooperation Council An international organization established for the purpose of harmonizing the customs procedures and techniques of member countries. The agency is concerned with the mechanics of customs administration and is not involved in matters relating to tariff levels or similar substantive economic [...]...
30. Customs Transit The condition of merchandise that is transiting the customs territory of a nation without having been released from customs jurisdiction. Goods in customs transit are processed under an in transit entry at the time they enter the United States; the in transit, or I.T., entry is effected by filing wi......
31. Green Clause A provision in a letter OF CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) similar to a RED CLAUSE (read this and related legal t......
32. Beneficiary Developing Country As provided in Section 501 of the Trade Act of 1974, any nation or possession of a nation authorized by the president to be accorded duty-free entry of merchandise into the United States under the GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES (...
33. Mtn Valuation Code An agreement on valuation for customs purposes, more commonly known as the customs valuation agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
34. Open Rate A freight rate that is not set by a Conference (read this legal term for further details) and is therefore negotiable. An open rate may result from the absence of a conference rate agreement, or similar rate-setting scheme over a given trade route......
35. Reliquidation An amendment of a customs entry Liquidation (read this and related legal terms for further details)......
36. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
37. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
38. Roosa Bonds Bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury in the 1960s to foreign central banks for dollars as part of a Swap Arrangement (read this and related legal terms for further details) to relieve exchange rate instability. The bonds prov......
39. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
40. Counterpurchase A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) in which two parties agree to purchase specified quantities of merchandise from each other at a fixed price. The effect is that each party si......
41. Current Account Purchases The value of intermediate products in the national production process. An intermediate product is a manufacturing input that has not been converted into a finished product; for example, steel is an intermediate product in the manufacture of an automobile. The value of current account purchases is im......
42. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
43. Gold Tranche Position A drawing of foreign exchange from the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details), by a member nation up to or equal with that country's gold on deposit with the IMF. In effec......
44. Tariff (Freight) A document issued, usually in booklet form, by a Common Carrier (read this and related legal terms for further details) listing its charges for transportation services. Commonly, the rate, or cost of transportation, vari......
45. In-bond The condition of goods that have been temporarily exempted from customs clearance and duties, in lieu of which the importer or custodian of the goods has posted a surety with customs authorities to ensure that the goods will not be released or consumed until formal examination and clearance [...]...
46. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
47. Visby Amendment A proposed revision to the Hague Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1924 on the liability of ocean carriers for loss and damage to cargo. The Visby Amendment does not contemplate materia......
48. Smithsonian Agreement A largely unsuccessful effort to revive the fixed exchange rate system established by the bretton woods agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
49. Less Than Fair Value An export sale price below that charged on like sales in the country of origin. Such sales are usually regarded as dumping (read this and related legal terms for further details), which may result in the imposition by th......
50. Acceptance House A nonbank financial institution that specializes in acceptance financing (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
51. Step-Down Rate A financing agreement in which a lower rate of interest is charged later in the life of the loan than at the beginning.......
52. Straight Consignment Goods conveyed under a straight, i.e., nonnegotiable, Bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
53. Kyoto Convention An international agreement, sponsored by the Customs cooperation Council (read this and related legal terms for further details), the object of which is to harmonize the methods and procedures of national customs authori......
54. General Order A condition imposed upon merchandise that is imported into the customs territory of the United States but that is not promptly cleared through customs. General order merchandise is deposited in an approved warehouse pending disposition. Section 127 of the Customs Regulations governs the [...]...
55. Privileged Domestic Status A condition that may be accorded to merchandise of U.S. origin, or to imported merchandise upon which duties have been paid, that is entered into a foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details...
56. Certificate of Origin A document presented to customs authorities at the time of importation to authenticate the national origin of merchandise. The certificate is customarily issued by a recognized chamber of commerce or governmental authority in the country of origin.......
57. Contract Shipper A merchant that has executed an Exclusive Patronage Contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a shipping conference, thereby agreeing to ship all its goods aboard vessels of steamship lines th......
58. Independent Action The reserved right of a carrier participating in a Conference (read this legal term for further details) or rate agreement to deviate unilaterally from the common tariff and publish its own rate for a given commodity. In those tariffs that permit ......
59. Quota-Class Merchandise Goods subject to Quota (read this and related legal terms for further details) restrictions.......
60. Safeguard Measures Actions taken by a nation to protect its domestic industry and commerce from what it views as unfair or improper practices by a trading partner. For example, a trading partner's use of improper subsidies designed to artificially stimulate exports might result in such safeguard measures as the im......
61. Superdeductive A procedure authorized by U.S. Customs in ascertaining the deductive value of merchandise for assessment of ad valorem duties; deductive valuation is an alternative valuation method specified in the customs valuation agreement (...
62. Transit Zone An entry point established by a coastal state for the benefit of a neighboring nation that is landlocked or lacking adequate port facilities for its own trade. Generally a transit zone is cordoned off from the main port facility, and goods passing through the zone are usually exempt from the [...]...
63. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
64. Commonwealth Preference Special preferential rates of duty applied by member states of the British Commonwealth on merchandise imported from other Commonwealth countries. In many cases, duties among Commonwealth members were totally abolished. The accession of Britain into the European Com-munities, coupled with the adopt......
65. Swapping A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) by which the parties trade off goods that each controls at various locations so as to eliminate or mitigate transportation costs.......
66. Guatemala Protocol (1971) A modification of the Warsaw Convention (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1929.......
67. Hague Protocol (1955) A modification of the Warsaw Convention (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1929.......
68. National Flag Carrier A common car RIER (read this and related legal terms for further details)-usually a steamship line or an airline- that bears its country's flag and is viewed in the trading community as representing the commercial in......
69. Regulation A A pronouncement of the Federal Reserve Board (12 CFR 201) governing the creation of banker's acceptances. In essence, the regulation requires that an "eligible" banker's acceptance (i.e., one acceptable for discount at the Federal Reserve discount window) have a maturity of not mor......
70. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
71. Clearance The completion of customs formalities including, but not limited to, the physical examination of imported merchandise, and the submission of documents necessary to permit the release of merchandise from customs control to the importer.......
72. General Agreements To Borrow An arrangement among the GROUP OF TEN (read this and related legal terms for further details) nations to provide supplemental financing to the International Monetary Fund (...
73. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
74. Cross Bill Synonymous with re-draft (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
75. Pivot Charge The minimum charge imposed by an air carrier for the use of a Unit Load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details), or air container. The charge is based upon a Pivot Weight (...
76. Compensatory Duty Cross-reference: Duty.......
77. Compensatory Suspension The suspension of trade concessions by a nation in retaliation for the suspension of concessions by a trading partner.......
78. Compensatory Withdrawal The cancellation of a trade concession by a nation in retaliation for the withdrawal of a concession by a trading partner.......
79. Compensatory Damages An award of money damages to make the plaintiff whole, as opposed to additional damages (punitive) that punish the defendant or make an example of defendant. (1) Tort Law Since the purpose of tort law is to compensate the victim for harm actually done, damages are usually measured by the [...]...
80. Oil Facility A borrowing facility established by the International Monetary Fund in June 1974 to provide member nations with financial resources to accommodate balance of payments deficits due to increased petroleum prices. The facility was eliminated in 1976.......
81. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
82. Compensatory Seats Compensatory Seats in Election Law In a Mixed Member Proportional system, these are seats allocated to parties based on the percentage of the national vote that they obtain. The purpose is usually intended to make up for imbalances in the results of a plurality/majority voting system. In Mixed [...]...
83. Compensatory Trade Compensatory Trade in International Trade Meaning of Compensatory Trade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A form of countertrade where any combination of goods and services are bartered. See countertrade....
84. Acceptance Facility Acceptance Financing is considered here.......
85. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL ... Read more...
86. A Forfait Financing Read details of Forfaiting.......
87. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
88. Nonrecourse Export Financing Read details of Forfaiting.......
89. Monetary Compensatory Amounts Settlements between member states of the European Economic Community to reflect the market rate of currencies used in agricultural transactions and the periodically revised Green Rate (read this and related legal terms for f......
90. Acceptance Financing An arrangement by which a bank extends to an exporter or importer a line of credit, known as the acceptance facility, to finance the purchase or sale of goods. The borrower draws against the line of credit by drawing drafts, with future maturity dates, upon the bank; the bank will accept such drafts......
91. Parallel Financing An arrangement whereby two lenders participate in financing in different parts of a given project without having legal ties between the loan contracts. Each lender evaluates the project independently and administers its own loan.......
92. Title Xi Financing In the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, a provision for the U.S. government to act as guarantor on debt obligations contracted by U.S. citizens for the purpose of constructing vessels to trade under the American flag.......
93. Campaign Financing Campaign Financing or Finance in Election Law Financial resources needed to cover the costs of an election campaign, so that candidates may publicise their political programme. In democratic countries, campaign financing is regulated by law to ensure political independence and to provide equal [...]...
94. Banking And Financing Controlled Foreign Corporation A controlled foreign corporation within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code, that derives more than 50 percent of its gross income from retail or commercial banking, negotiable paper transactions, or investment banking.......
95. Aid Financing Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to aid financing in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
96. Financing Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to financing in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
97. Self Financing Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
98. Business Financing Business Financing......
99. Terrorist Financing Contents Terrorist Financing AML/CFT – Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Money laundering is the process by which ... Read more...
100. Financing Support Financing Support and International Trade Resources See Also export credits...
101. Private Financing Private Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by private organisations or individuals to candidates or political parties to cover costs incurred by their political activities, such as an election campaign, in particular. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
102. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
103. Debt Financing and Capacity Literature Review on Debt Financing and Capacity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Josephine M. LaPlante offers the following summary about the topic of Debt Financing and Capacity: Debt financing is a major means states and local governments use to pay [...]...
104. Economic Development Financing Literature Review on Economic Development Financing In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] William L. Waugh offers the following summary about the topic of Economic Development Financing: Economic development is a policy priority for most local, regional, and [...]...
105. Tax Increment Financing Literature Review on Tax Increment Financing In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Deborah A. Carroll offers the following summary about the topic of Tax Increment Financing: Tax increment financing (TIF) is an economic development tool and financial [...]...
106. Financing Enterprises Financing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indian Industry: the Role of Technology, the Law and other Social Sciences During the last five decade, the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) in the Indian economy have emerged as a dynamic, vibrant segment having a significant [...]...
107. Financing of Terrorism Embracing mainstream international law, this section on financing of terrorism explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "financing of terrorism" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
108. Debtor-in-possession Financing Debtor-in-possession Financing regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Debtor-in-possession Financing covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
109. Financing Orders Sample Financing Orders in relation with Debtor-in-possession Financing This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Sample Financing Orders covered in connexion with Debtor-in-possession Financing and banking / lending Institutions....
110. Deficit Financing Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
111. Social Security Financing Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Social Security Financing Social Insurance Social Security System...
112. Method of Financing Resources See Also Social Security Financing Social Insurance Social Security System...
113. Methods of Financing Resources See Also Social Security Financing Social Insurance Social Security System...
114. Financing Programmed Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to financing programmed in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
115. List of U.S. Court decisions applying NY Convention 1958 Contents Commercial arbitration: United States Court decisions applying New York Convention of 1958 U.S. Court decisions applying New York Convention ... Read more...
116. List of U.S. Cases applying New York Convention 1958 Contents Commercial arbitration: U.S. Cases applying New York Convention 1958 See for previous cases:Commercial arbitration: U.S. Court decisions applying NY ... Read more...
117. Coastwise Option A provision of the carriage OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) (COGSA) which permits COGSA to be incorporated into bills of lading covering shipments in the domestic maritime comm......
118. Code Of Liner Conduct Code of Liner Conduct. ......
119. Codex Alimentarius A document published by the Codex Alimentarius Commission establishing international standards for raw and processed food products. The commission was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization in conjunction with the World Health Organization. Member states of either the FAO [...]...
120. Collective Farm A communal farm on which the land and heavy machinery are owned by the state, but the other means of production are owned by the participating farmers. Often the member families cultivate a private plot on the farm in addition to the communal plot. Management of the farm is ostensibly controlled by ......