Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
2. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
3. ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
4. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
5. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
6. Uniform Law On Bills Of Exchange A product of the 1932 Geneva Convention on Bills of Exchange. The object of the act was to standardize various national laws and usages relative to bills of exchange, thereby overcoming an impediment to rade. The act specifies that a bill of exchange must contain:1. The term bill of exch......
7. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
8. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
9. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
10. Time Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) payable other than "at sight," i.e., immediately upon presentation. Bills drawn at sixty days' sight or thirty days date, for example, are time bills.......
11. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
12. Exchanger Exchanger Contents Exchanger in the E-Commerce Law An exchanger (also sometimes called a virtual currency exchange) is a person/entity engaged ... Read more...
13. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
14. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
15. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
16. League of Nations conventions Contents League of Nations conventions International Convention Concerning the use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace 23.9.1936 International Convention ... Read more...
17. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
18. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
19. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
20. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
21. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
22. Currency Convertible In Fact A national currency that can be used for the settlement of private transactions, as contrasted with an artificial CURRENCY UNIT (read this legal term for further details), such as special drawing rights, which are used only by governments for t......
23. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
24. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
25. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
26. Asian Currency Units A unit of account, employed in some Asian banks, equal to the U.S. dollar.The Asian currency unit arose to circumvent banking regulations which prohibited accounts denominated in terms of foreign currency.......
27. CFSP Embracing mainstream international law, this section on cfsp explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Common Foreign and Security Policy (cfsp) and Europe There is an entry on common foreign and security policy (cfsp) in the European legal encyclopedia. [...]...
28. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
29. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
30. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
31. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
32. Eurco A commercial version of the European Currency Unit (read this and related legal terms for further details). In order to stimulate interest in the European currency unit (ECU), in 1973 the European Investment Bank introdu......
33. WEU WEU (Western European Union) and Europe There is an entry on weu (western european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Common Foreign and Security Policy, NATO and WEU and the European Union WEU and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
34. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
35. Banker's Bill A bill of exchange drawn by a bank upon a foreign bank. Usually, these bills are drawn upon credit balances with foreign banks so as to make exchange available locally, and are clean bills of exchange. Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
36. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
37. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
38. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
39. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
40. ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Contents ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Title of Treaty Agreement between the States Parties to ... Read more...
41. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
42. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
43. International Currency Trends in International Political Economy: International CurrencyIntroduction to International CurrencyExplosive growth in the exchange of foreign currencies in international markets has also transformed the global political economy (see foreign exchange). Advanced telecommunicatio......
44. Promissory Note Introduction to Promissory Note Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified [...]...
45. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
46. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
47. Currency Area Optimum Currency Area and Europe There is an entry on optimum currency area in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Optimum Currency Area" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
48. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
49. Customary Freight Unit As used within the context of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, the unit upon which freight is assessed on bulk or unpackaged cargoes. The act provided that a carrier's liability for loss or damage to cargo shall be limited (in the 1980s) to $500 per package, or "other customary freight uni......
50. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
51. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. [...]...
52. Common Resources See Also Tenant (Tenant in common) Resources See Also Profit (Profit a prendre) Resources See Also As to common Bail Barretor Carrier Chase Condedit Council Day Debtor Diligence Drunkard Error Fishery Highway Informer Inn Intendment of law Intent Jury Labor Nuisance [...]...
53. Common Law: Our lady and her Knights Common law : Our lady and her Knights From: Sir Frederick Pollock, The Genius of the Common Law [1912] See ... Read more...
54. Common law. Our Lady and Her Knights 2 Contents Common law . Our Lady and Her Knights 2 Continue from Common law . Our Lady and Her Knights ... Read more...
55. Common law. The Giants and the Gods Common law . The Giants and the Gods See Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 From Sir Frederick ... Read more...
56. Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 Contents Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 See Common law. The Giants and the Gods From Sir Frederick ... Read more...
57. Common legal abbreviations Contents Common legal abbreviations The abbreviations showed here are pluralized by adding the letter “s” inside the period. For abbreviations ... Read more...
58. Common Law Systems Contents Common Law Systems Common law systems can be found in many nations that were former colonies or territories of ... Read more...
59. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
60. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
61. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
62. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
63. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
64. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
65. Common Law Legal System Common Law: The Legal SystemThe common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative bodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancient Roman law, found in conti......
66. Common Law and Equity Common Law and Equity......
67. Common Law Countries Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Extending Graham's Interpretive Theory Into Common Law: A Multiple-Case Study, Chris Hayes, Apr 2016 Admiralty-Sovereign Immunity-Philippine Corporation's Suit To Recover Damages Caused By Collision With Public [...]...
68. Common Heritage Of Mankind Common Heritage of Mankind Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Heritage of Mankind , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Common Heritage of Mankind , Boczek, [...]...
69. Common Pleas The Legal History of Common PleasThis section provides an overview of Common Pleas ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Common Pleas in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford [...]...
70. Common Laws Spanish Translation of common lawsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to common laws and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Consuetudinario (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
71. Common Agricultural Policy Common agricultural policy (CAP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common agricultural policy (CAP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common agricultural policy is a matter reserved exclusively for the Community. Under Article 33 of the Treaty establishing the [...]...
72. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
73. Common Customs Tariff Common Customs Tariff and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common Customs Tariff provided by the European Union Commission: The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) was established and is governed by Title V of the Treaty on European Union (EU). It replaced European [...]...
74. Common Position Common position (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common position (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common position in the context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is designed to make cooperation more systematic and improve its [...]...
75. Common Strategy Common strategy (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common strategy (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common strategy is an instrument of the common foreign and security policy introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Under Article 13 of the EU [...]...
76. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
77. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
78. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
79. Common Law Marriage References See Also Marriage Family Marriage Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law marriage, with a description of the most significant features of common law marriage at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also [...]...
80. Common Law Perspective Background Common law is the legal tradition which evolved in England from the 11th century onwards. Its principles appear for the most part in reported judgments, usually of the higher courts, in relation to specific fact situations arising in disputes which courts have adjudicated. [1] The [...]...
81. Common Law System Concept of Common Law System Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Judiciary...
82. Common Thread Theory Common Thread Theory in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Common Thread Theory is available: The idea of using issues of mutual concern to help bridge the gaps between law enforcement and the community....
83. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
84. Common Law Legal Traditions Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of this subject matter include: Sources of Law Parliament and Legislation Courts Precedent Criminal and Civil Procedure Tort Law and Contract Law Legal Research...
85. Common Heritage Common Heritage (of Mankind) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common heritage (of mankind) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common heritage (of mankind)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
86. Common Standard of Civilization Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common standard of civilization explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common standard of civilization" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
87. Common Currency Common Currency and Europe There is an entry on common currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
88. Common Agent Description of Common Agent Resources See Also Co-Agent...
89. Common-law Action Description of Common-law Action Resources See Also Action...
90. Common-law Assignment Description of Common-law Assignment Resources See Also Debtor Creditor...
91. Common Adventure Description of Common Adventure Resources See Also Shipping...
92. Common Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy and the European Union Resources See Also CFP...
93. Common Law Partner Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law partner, with a description of the most significant features of common law partner at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Spirit Of Common Law And The [...]...
94. Common Appearance Resources See Also Simultaneous death clause Resources See Also Simultaneous Death Act Resources See Also Judicial notice Resources See Also Joint enterprise Resources See Also Condedit Resources See Also Combination in restraint of trade Conspiracy Resources See [...]...
95. Common-law State Resources See Also Community property...
96. Common Property Resources See Also Community property...
97. Common-law Copyright Resources See Also Copyright...
98. Common Pleas Court Resources See Also Court of Common Pleas...
99. Common-law Dedication Resources See Also Dedication...
100. Common Knowledge Resources See Also Judicial notice...
101. Common-law Larceny Resources See Also Larceny...
102. Common-law Trust Resources See Also Massachusetts trust...
103. Common Nuisance Resources See Also Nuisance...
104. Common Wall Resources See Also Party wall...
105. Common Tenancy Resources See Also Tenancy...
106. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
107. Art Unit Description of Art Unit In this reference work, art unit is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents...
108. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to an ... Read more...
109. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 3 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 9 (1) An instrument is deemed to ... Read more...
110. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 4 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 21 (1) If an endorsement contains the ... Read more...
111. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 5 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 31 (1) The transfer of an instrument ... Read more...
112. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 6 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 45 (1) Unless otherwise agreed, a person ... Read more...
113. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 7 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 53 (1) If a bill which must ... Read more...
114. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 8 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 61 Protest for dishonour of an instrument ... Read more...
115. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 9 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 71 A party who pays an instrument ... Read more...
116. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 10 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 76 (1) Nothing in this Convention prevents ... Read more...
117. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 2 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 81 For the purpose of making protest ... Read more...
118. Artificial Currency Unit An international standard of value created by a multilateral agreement. An artificial currency unit (ACU) is not a currency in the conventional sense in that it cannot be used to settle private transactions. An ACU is given a value in terms of a basket of various national currencies in fixed or vari......
119. European Currency Unit Summary of European Currency Unit The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) European Currency Unit and the European Union Resources See Also ECU...
120. Monetary Unit The unit of account established by law in terms of which transactions are expressed. In the United States the monetary unit is the dollar, which, although no longer officially converted into gold, is tied to gold at the rate of $42.22 per fine ounce.......