Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
2. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
3. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
4. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
5. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
6. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
7. Combined Nomenclature Combined nomenclature (CN) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Combined nomenclature (CN) provided by the European Union Commission: A systematic list of goods descriptions based on the Harmonized System, serving for the purposes of the Common Customs Tariff, external trade [...]...
8. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
9. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
10. Community Powers Community powers and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community powers provided by the European Union Commission: Community powers are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act only within the [...]...
11. Community Competences Community competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community competences provided by the European Union Commission: Community competences are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act [...]...
12. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
13. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
14. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
15. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
16. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
17. Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970, urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst for the development o......
18. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
19. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
20. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
21. Community Acquis Community acquis and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community acquis provided by the European Union Commission: The Community acquis is the body of common rights and obligations which bind all the Member States together within the European Union. It is constantly evolving [...]...
22. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
23. Treaty of Rome Treaty Of Rome Summary of Treaty Of Rome The document, signed at Rome in 1957 (effective January 1, 1958), by which the six founding states established the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details). (Main Author: William J. Miller) The Treaty of [...]...
24. Pillars of the European Union Pillars of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Pillars of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: In Community parlance people often refer to the three pillars of the EU Treaty. These three pillars, which form the basic structure of [...]...
25. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
26. Buyer's Premium A subsidy offered by a member state of the European Economic Community to domestic tobacco processors to encourage the use of EEC, rather than imported, tobaccos. The program, which is a feature of the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (...
27. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
28. Community Transit Community transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure that allows goods to be moved from one point in the Community to another. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United [...]...
29. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
30. Cap Summary of Cap The maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a variable or floating rate loan, irrespective of how high the money market index may fluctuate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) CAP and the European Union Resources See Also Rate (Rate cap) Resources See Also [...]...
31. Reference Price A mechanism of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community designed to prevent disruptive import competition for certain vegetables, fruits, f......
32. Court Rules Court Rules Worldwide International Trade / Internet Rules Court of International Trade ICANN: Domain Name Dispute Resolution Rules United States International Trade Commission Patent Law Rules European Patent Convention Patent: Gulf Co-operation Council Patent: OAPI (African IP Union) [...]...
33. Community Law Community Law, law of the member states of the European Union (EU), as adopted by the union's Council of Ministers. The European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law. Community law forms part of the law of states and prevails over national law. (1) Community Law and Europe There [...]...
34. European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
35. European Coal And Steel Community European Coal And Steel Community Summary of European Coal And Steel Community One of three component entities within the European Communities, the coal and steel organization was formed following World War II to permit member states to equalize their access to iron and steel resources. The [...]...
36. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
37. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
38. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
39. Consumer Protection The Legal History of Consumer Protection This section provides an overview of Consumer Protection Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Introduction to Consumer [...]...
40. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
41. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
42. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
43. Monetary Compensatory Amounts Settlements between member states of the European Economic Community to reflect the market rate of currencies used in agricultural transactions and the periodically revised Green Rate (read this and related legal terms for f......
44. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
45. Council of the European Union Council of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Council of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: The Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers" or the "Council") is the Union's main [...]...
46. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
47. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
48. COREPER Coreper Coreper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Coreper provided by the European Union Commission: Coreper, the French acronym by which the Permanent Representatives Committee is known, consists of the Member States' Ambassadors to the European Union ("Permanent [...]...
49. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
50. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
51. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
52. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
53. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
54. Administered Pricing A condition in which the prices of certain goods and/or services are determined by governmental authority, supplier cartels (legal or illegal), or trade associations, and not by market forces. The purpose of administered pricing is to eliminate price competition or to maintain price stability [...]...
55. Bundled Pricing An arrangement between buyer and seller in which the purchase price for certain goods also includes other goods or services, such as the right to use patents, technical assistance, replacement parts under a warranty, et cetera.......
56. Dual Pricing The sale of an identical product at different prices in different markets.......
57. Ethnocentric Pricing The policy of a firm to offer its products at the same price abroad as in the home market, irrespective of price sensitivity or other factors of the foreign market.......
58. Geocentric Pricing A pricing policy within a multinational firm that permits individual foreign subsidiaries substantial latitude in pricing standardized products, within guidelines prescribed by the parent company.......
59. Loan Pricing The process used by a financial institution to derive the effective rate of interest or. a prospective loan; the process includes calculating the income derived from commitment fees, and compensating balances on top of the nominal rate of interest.......
60. Polycentric Pricing A pricing policy in a multinational firm that permits substantially uniform products to be priced differently in various countries, to accommodate local conditions.......
61. Transfer Pricing The pricing level at which goods are sold between related entities, subsidiary to parent. Transfer pricing has been an area of considerable interest to customs authorities, inasmuch as such sales are often suspected of being manipulated by the parties deliberately to undervalue the goods for [...]...
62. Freight-Allowed Pricing Synonymous with zone-delivered pricing (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
63. Zone Delivered Pricing A pricing strategy whereby a supplier equalizes freight on shipments to all customers within a defined geographic area. This mechanism, by applying a uniform FOB delivered price to all customers, or by granting a freight allowance to each customer, effectively offsets differences in freight costs wi......
64. Transfer Pricing Adjustment Contents Transfer Pricing Adjustment Additional Adjustments to Be Made in the Wake of a Transfer Pricing Adjustment By Nicholas Webb, ... Read more...
65. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
66. Common Resources See Also Tenant (Tenant in common) Resources See Also Profit (Profit a prendre) Resources See Also As to common Bail Barretor Carrier Chase Condedit Council Day Debtor Diligence Drunkard Error Fishery Highway Informer Inn Intendment of law Intent Jury Labor Nuisance [...]...
67. Common Law: Our lady and her Knights Common law : Our lady and her Knights From: Sir Frederick Pollock, The Genius of the Common Law [1912] See ... Read more...
68. Common law. Our Lady and Her Knights 2 Contents Common law . Our Lady and Her Knights 2 Continue from Common law . Our Lady and Her Knights ... Read more...
69. Common law. The Giants and the Gods Common law . The Giants and the Gods See Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 From Sir Frederick ... Read more...
70. Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 Contents Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 See Common law. The Giants and the Gods From Sir Frederick ... Read more...
71. Common legal abbreviations Contents Common legal abbreviations The abbreviations showed here are pluralized by adding the letter “s” inside the period. For abbreviations ... Read more...
72. Common Law Systems Contents Common Law Systems Common law systems can be found in many nations that were former colonies or territories of ... Read more...
73. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
74. Common Law Legal System Common Law: The Legal SystemThe common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative bodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancient Roman law, found in conti......
75. Common Law and Equity Common Law and Equity......
76. Common Law Countries Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Extending Graham's Interpretive Theory Into Common Law: A Multiple-Case Study, Chris Hayes, Apr 2016 Admiralty-Sovereign Immunity-Philippine Corporation's Suit To Recover Damages Caused By Collision With Public [...]...
77. Common Heritage Of Mankind Common Heritage of Mankind Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Heritage of Mankind , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Common Heritage of Mankind , Boczek, [...]...
78. Common Pleas The Legal History of Common PleasThis section provides an overview of Common Pleas ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Common Pleas in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford [...]...
79. Common Laws Spanish Translation of common lawsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to common laws and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Consuetudinario (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
80. Common Agricultural Policy Common agricultural policy (CAP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common agricultural policy (CAP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common agricultural policy is a matter reserved exclusively for the Community. Under Article 33 of the Treaty establishing the [...]...
81. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
82. Common Customs Tariff Common Customs Tariff and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common Customs Tariff provided by the European Union Commission: The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) was established and is governed by Title V of the Treaty on European Union (EU). It replaced European [...]...
83. Common Position Common position (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common position (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common position in the context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is designed to make cooperation more systematic and improve its [...]...
84. Common Strategy Common strategy (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common strategy (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common strategy is an instrument of the common foreign and security policy introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Under Article 13 of the EU [...]...
85. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
86. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
87. Common Law Marriage References See Also Marriage Family Marriage Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law marriage, with a description of the most significant features of common law marriage at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also [...]...
88. Common Law Perspective Background Common law is the legal tradition which evolved in England from the 11th century onwards. Its principles appear for the most part in reported judgments, usually of the higher courts, in relation to specific fact situations arising in disputes which courts have adjudicated. [1] The [...]...
89. Common Law System Concept of Common Law System Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Judiciary...
90. Common Thread Theory Common Thread Theory in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Common Thread Theory is available: The idea of using issues of mutual concern to help bridge the gaps between law enforcement and the community....
91. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
92. Common Law Legal Traditions Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of this subject matter include: Sources of Law Parliament and Legislation Courts Precedent Criminal and Civil Procedure Tort Law and Contract Law Legal Research...
93. Common Heritage Common Heritage (of Mankind) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common heritage (of mankind) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common heritage (of mankind)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
94. Common Standard of Civilization Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common standard of civilization explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common standard of civilization" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
95. Common Currency Common Currency and Europe There is an entry on common currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
96. Common Agent Description of Common Agent Resources See Also Co-Agent...
97. Common-law Action Description of Common-law Action Resources See Also Action...
98. Common-law Assignment Description of Common-law Assignment Resources See Also Debtor Creditor...
99. Common Adventure Description of Common Adventure Resources See Also Shipping...
100. Common Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy and the European Union Resources See Also CFP...
101. Common Law Partner Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law partner, with a description of the most significant features of common law partner at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Spirit Of Common Law And The [...]...
102. Common Appearance Resources See Also Simultaneous death clause Resources See Also Simultaneous Death Act Resources See Also Judicial notice Resources See Also Joint enterprise Resources See Also Condedit Resources See Also Combination in restraint of trade Conspiracy Resources See [...]...
103. Common-law State Resources See Also Community property...
104. Common Property Resources See Also Community property...
105. Common-law Copyright Resources See Also Copyright...
106. Common Pleas Court Resources See Also Court of Common Pleas...
107. Common-law Dedication Resources See Also Dedication...
108. Common Knowledge Resources See Also Judicial notice...
109. Common-law Larceny Resources See Also Larceny...
110. Common-law Trust Resources See Also Massachusetts trust...
111. Common Nuisance Resources See Also Nuisance...
112. Common Wall Resources See Also Party wall...
113. Common Tenancy Resources See Also Tenancy...
114. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
115. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
116. Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier A common carrier providing point-to-point international transport of goods. This type of carrier, commonly known as NVOCC, may not actually operate any transport equipment, acting instead as a coordinator among actual carriers. For example, an NVOCC might issue a bill of lading from Saint Louis to M......
117. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
118. Pricing Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
119. Arm's Length Pricing Arm's Length Pricing and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arm's Length Pricing: The price at which a particular product or service would sell in a transaction between unrelated buyers [...]...
120. Markup Pricing Markup Pricing in International Trade Meaning of Markup Pricing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Markup pricing refers to the difference between the cost to produce and market an item for sale, and the retail price that is charged for that item. [...]...