Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Exchanger Exchanger ContentsExchanger in the E-Commerce LawResourcesSee AlsoBiography Exchanger in the E-Commerce Law An exchanger (also sometimes called a virtual currency ... Read more...
2. ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
3. Eurco A commercial version of the European Currency Unit (read this and related legal terms for further details). In order to stimulate interest in the European currency unit (ECU), in 1973 the European Investment Bank introdu......
4. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
5. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
6. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
7. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
8. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
9. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
10. Mint Par Of Exchange The relationship, in terms of precious metal value, of two nations' currencies, derived by dividing the gold or silver content, by weight, of one nation's currency unit by the comparable metal content of another nation's currency unit.......
11. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
12. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
13. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
14. Bargaining Unit Bargaining unit in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Bargaining unit provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A group of workers within a particular company, establishment, industry or occupation that constitutes an appropriate unit for the purpose of collective bargaining. See [...]...
15. Cryptocurrency ContentsCryptocurrencyDe-centralized Virtual CurrenciesResourcesSee AlsoBiography Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency refers to a math-based, decentralized convertible virtual currency that is protected by cryptography, i.e., ... Read more...
16. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
17. CFSP Embracing mainstream international law, this section on cfsp explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Common Foreign and Security Policy (cfsp) and Europe There is an entry on common foreign and security policy (cfsp) in the European legal encyclopedia. [...]...
18. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
19. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
20. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
21. WEU WEU (Western European Union) and Europe There is an entry on weu (western european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Common Foreign and Security Policy, NATO and WEU and the European Union WEU and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
22. European Terms An expression of the value of any foreign currency in terms of how many units equal one dollar; effective September 1, 1979, most New York banks employed this foreign currency method for transactions.......
23. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
24. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
25. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
26. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
27. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
28. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
29. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
30. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
31. Cooley Loans Foreign-currency-denominated loans by the U.S. government to foreign nations to permit the purchase of American agricultural commodities. The loans are authorized by an amendment to the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (...
32. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
33. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
34. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
35. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
36. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
37. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
38. Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970, urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst for the development o......
39. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
40. Drawing Unit Reserve Asset More commonly known by the acronym DURA, a proposed artificial currency unit to be used as an international reserve asset. The Dura was an evolutionary step toward the creation of the special drawing rights (read this and re......
41. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
42. European Monetary System Summary of European Monetary System A mechanism established by the European Communities to mitigate exchange rate fluctuations among the members and establish a zone of "monetary stability in Europe."The EMS is, in part, a fulfillment of the 1970 Werner Report (read this and [...]...
43. Future Contract Future Contract in International Trade Meaning of Future Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future of delivery of a commodity, currency or security on a specific date. Currency future contracts are for standard quantities over [...]...
44. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
45. Crisis Situations Literature Review on Ethics and Crisis Situations In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Carole L. Jurkiewicz offers the following summary about the topic of Ethics and Crisis Situations: organizational concerns in times of crisis are necessarily focused on [...]...
46. Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and Europe There is an entry on common fisheries policy (cfp) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
47. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
48. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
49. Common Agricultural Policy Common agricultural policy (CAP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common agricultural policy (CAP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common agricultural policy is a matter reserved exclusively for the Community. Under Article 33 of the Treaty establishing the [...]...
50. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
51. Common Position Common position (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common position (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common position in the context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is designed to make cooperation more systematic and improve its [...]...
52. Common Strategy Common strategy (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common strategy (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common strategy is an instrument of the common foreign and security policy introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Under Article 13 of the EU [...]...
53. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
54. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
55. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
56. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
57. Currency Area Optimum Currency Area and Europe There is an entry on optimum currency area in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Optimum Currency Area" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
58. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
59. Common Law: Our lady and her Knights Common law : Our lady and her Knights From: Sir Frederick Pollock, The Genius of the Common Law [1912] See ... Read more...
60. Common law. Our Lady and Her Knights 2 Contents Common law . Our Lady and Her Knights 2ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these ... Read more...
61. Common law. The Giants and the Gods Common law . The Giants and the Gods See Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 From Sir Frederick ... Read more...
62. Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2 Contents Common law. The Giants and the Gods 2ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
63. Common legal abbreviations ContentsCommon legal abbreviationsWordAbbreviationConclusionNotesSee AlsoAbout the Author/s and Rewiever/sReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Common legal ... Read more...
64. Common Law Systems ContentsCommon Law SystemsSensesDiffusion of the common lawThe common law and social changeFeaturesThe Common Law: Property, Torts, and ContractsResourcesNotesSee Also Common ... Read more...
65. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
66. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
67. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
68. Common Law Legal System Common Law: The Legal SystemThe common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative bodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancient Roman law, found in conti......
69. Common Law and Equity Common Law and Equity......
70. Common Law Countries Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Extending Graham's Interpretive Theory Into Common Law: A Multiple-Case Study, Chris Hayes, Apr 2016 Admiralty-Sovereign Immunity-Philippine Corporation's Suit To Recover Damages Caused By Collision With Public [...]...
71. Common Heritage Of Mankind Common Heritage of Mankind Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Heritage of Mankind , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Common Heritage of Mankind , Boczek, [...]...
72. Common Laws Spanish Translation of common lawsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to common laws and / or a definition of this topic: Derecho Consuetudinario (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
73. Common Customs Tariff Common Customs Tariff and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common Customs Tariff provided by the European Union Commission: The common foreign and security policy (CFSP) was established and is governed by Title V of the Treaty on European Union (EU). It replaced European [...]...
74. Common Law System Concept of Common Law System Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Judiciary...
75. Common Thread Theory Common Thread Theory in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Common Thread Theory is available: The idea of using issues of mutual concern to help bridge the gaps between law enforcement and the community....
76. Common Heritage Common Heritage (of Mankind) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common heritage (of mankind) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common heritage (of mankind)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
77. Common Agent Description of Common Agent Resources See Also Co-Agent...
78. Common-law Action Description of Common-law Action Resources See Also Action...
79. Common-law Assignment Description of Common-law Assignment Resources See Also Debtor Creditor...
80. Common Fisheries Policy Common Fisheries Policy and the European Union Resources See Also CFP...
81. Common Law Partner Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law partner, with a description of the most significant features of common law partner at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Spirit Of Common Law And The [...]...
82. Common-law State Resources See Also Community property...
83. Common Property Resources See Also Community property...
84. Common-law Copyright Resources See Also Copyright...
85. Common-law Larceny Resources See Also Larceny...
86. Common-law Trust Resources See Also Massachusetts trust...
87. Currency Currency in International Trade Meaning of Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The circulating media of exchange in a country. Includes money and such financial instruments as checks. Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law [...]...
88. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
89. Currency Controls Currency Controls and International Trade Resources See Also exchange controls...
90. Currency Future Currency Future in International Trade Meaning of Currency Future, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract for the future delivery of a commodity, currency, or security on a specific date. In contrast to forward contracts, future contracts are for [...]...
91. Currency Option Currency Option in International Trade Meaning of Currency Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The contractually agreed right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a specific amount of foreign currency at a predetermined price on a specific [...]...
92. Single Currency Single Currency and Europe There is an entry on single currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Single Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
93. Cross-Currency Exposure Obligations denominated in terms of a given currency that are not matched by equivalent revenues in terms of that currency. For example, a firm with obligations of 10 million Japanese yen but revenues of only 8 million yen are exposed to the degree that they must purchase, in the foreign exchange ma......
94. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
95. Currency Convertible In Fact A national currency that can be used for the settlement of private transactions, as contrasted with an artificial CURRENCY UNIT (read this legal term for further details), such as special drawing rights, which are used only by governments for t......
96. Common Resources See Also Tenant (Tenant in common) Resources See Also Profit (Profit a prendre) Resources See Also As to common Bail Barretor Carrier Chase Condedit Council Day Debtor Diligence Drunkard Error Fishery Highway Informer Inn Intendment of law Intent Jury Labor Nuisance [...]...
97. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
98. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
99. Civil Law vs Common Law Civil Law vs Common Law......
100. Common Pleas The Legal History of Common PleasThis section provides an overview of Common Pleas ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Common Pleas in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford [...]...
101. Common Law Marriage References See Also Marriage Family Marriage Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law marriage, with a description of the most significant features of common law marriage at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also [...]...
102. Common Law Perspective Background Common law is the legal tradition which evolved in England from the 11th century onwards. Its principles appear for the most part in reported judgments, usually of the higher courts, in relation to specific fact situations arising in disputes which courts have adjudicated. [1] The [...]...
103. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
104. Common Law Legal Traditions Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of Common Law Legal Traditions Contents of this subject matter include: Sources of Law Parliament and Legislation Courts Precedent Criminal and Civil Procedure Tort Law and Contract Law Legal Research...
105. Common Standard of Civilization Embracing mainstream international law, this section on common standard of civilization explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "common standard of civilization" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
106. Common Adventure Description of Common Adventure Resources See Also Shipping...
107. Common Appearance Resources See Also Simultaneous death clause Resources See Also Simultaneous Death Act Resources See Also Judicial notice Resources See Also Joint enterprise Resources See Also Condedit Resources See Also Combination in restraint of trade Conspiracy Resources See [...]...
108. Common Pleas Court Resources See Also Court of Common Pleas...
109. Common-law Dedication Resources See Also Dedication...
110. Common Knowledge Resources See Also Judicial notice...
111. Common Nuisance Resources See Also Nuisance...
112. Common Wall Resources See Also Party wall...
113. Common Tenancy Resources See Also Tenancy...
114. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
115. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
116. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
117. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
118. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
119. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
120. Exotic Currency A national currency for which there is not normally a strong demand in the foreign exchange markets. Examples of such currencies are; Eyptian pound, Guyana dollar, and the Nigerian naira.......