Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Consumer Lending Consumer Lending regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Consumer Lending covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
2. Restricted Letter Credit Restricted Letter Credit in International Trade Meaning of Restricted Letter Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit, the negotiation of which is restricted to a bank specially mentioned in the letter. See letter of credit....
3. Back-To-Back Letter Of Credit A letter of credit raised to purchase goods that will be sold under a different letter of credit. A broker or other intermediary who is the beneficiary under a customer's letter of credit may use that credit as collateral to open a second letter of credit to actually purchase the goods it plans ......
4. Access to Credit Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
5. Evergreen Letter of Credit Evergreen Letter of Credit in International Trade Meaning of Evergreen Letter of Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit that automatically renews itself beyond its stated expiration....
6. Lending Institution Banking and Lending Institution Forms in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Banking and Lending Institution Forms covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
7. Offshore Finance Company Synonymous with Foreign Base Finance Company (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
8. Standby Letters of Credit Standby Letters of Credit in relation with Letters of Credit This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Standby Letters of Credit covered in connexion with Letters of Credit and banking / lending Institutions....
9. Deferred Payment Letter of Credit Deferred Payment Letter of Credit in International Trade Meaning of Deferred Payment Letter of Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit that is not payable at sight but at a future time....
10. Revocable Letter of Credit Revocable L/C in International Trade Meaning of Revocable L/c, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit that can be cancelled or changed by any party at any time without the consent of any other parties. At present there are not revocable L/C; [...]...
11. Standby Letter of Credit A guarantee issued by a bank to a firm as security for the actions of a third party; in the event the third party does not perform specified acts (usually the payment of obligations) within a prescribed period, the beneficiary of the credit may unilaterally draw upon the letter of credit in [...]...
12. Consideration of Applications Consideration of Applications in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Consideration of Applications covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
13. Revolving Letter of Credit Revolving L/C in International Trade Meaning of Revolving L/c, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit which is automatically restored to its full amount after the completion of each documentary exchange....
14. Letter Of Credit Clause A clause in a marine cargo insurance policy designed to protect an exporter until such time as he is paid under a letter of credit. An exporter selling on an F.O.B. or F.A.S. basis, for example, does not provide marine insurance; this obligation is undertaken by the importer. If the purchaser's ......
15. Usance Letter of Credit Usance L/C in International Trade Meaning of Usance L/c, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit payable at a predetermined time after the presentation of conforming documents. These are also called time L/C or deferred payment L/C and are the [...]...
16. Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit in relation with Real Estate Loans This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit covered in connexion with Real Estate Loans and banking / lending Institutions....
17. Operative Instrument A letter of Credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) transmitted by cable rather than on bank stationery. Customarily a bank may send a telex notification to the beneficiary of the letter of credit ......
18. Real Property Holding Company A foreign corporation (i.e., not chartered in the United States) in which a Domestic International Sales Corporation (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, controls more than 50 percent of the ......
19. Commercial Lending Commercial Lending regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Commercial Lending covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
20. Ocean Freight Differential A sum rep resenting the difference in freight costs associated with moving subsidized agricultural exports on American rather than cheaper foreign vessels. The differential is provided for shipments under the Agricultural Trade Development And Assistance Act (...
21. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
22. Retail Installment Retail Installment in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Retail Installment covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
23. Open Letter of Credit Resources See Also Letter of credit...
24. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
25. Lending Credit Unions Generally in relation with Credit Unions This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Credit Unions Generally covered in connexion with Credit Unions and banking / lending Institutions....
26. Loan Review Loan Servicing and Review in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Servicing and Review covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
27. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
28. Back to Back Back to Back Letter of Credit in International Trade Meaning of Back to Back Letter of Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A new letter of credit opened in favour of another beneficiary on the basis of an already existing one, not a transferable [...]...
29. Consumer Protection Laws Resources See Also Consumer Credit Protection Act Consumer Product Safety Commission Deceptive sales practices Equal Credit Opportunity Act Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Fair Credit Billing Act Fair Credit Reporting Acts Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act Truth-inLending Act Uniform Commercial [...]...
30. Foreign Exchange Control Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
31. Foreign Exchange Reserve Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
32. Leases of Property Leases of Personal, Family, or Household Property in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Leases of Personal, Family, or Household Property covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
33. Full Faith and Credit Clause Full Faith and Credit Clause in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to full faith and credit clause on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
34. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
35. Commission on International Commodity Trade An agency of the United Nations established in 1954 to monitor activities of primary commodities markets. The basic function of the commission is to compile statistics on commodities trading, observe the impact of the markets upon developing countries, and make reports and recommendations to [...]...
36. Commodity Control List A listing of products subject to U.S. export controls administered by the Department of Commerce. The list includes items under controls imposed by COCOM (read this and related legal terms for further details) as well as......
37. Commodity Paper Drafts or bills of exchange arising from transactions involving the sale of commodities. The draft is usually accompanied by negotiable bills of lading, warehouse receipts, or similar documents of title permitting the holder of the draft to dispose of the commodities in the event the drawee defaults......
38. Commodity Price Index An index of prices for a stipulated list of commodities. Prices may be on a spot or futures basis. Customarily, major commodities are traded on exchanges (although there are some exceptions), and price fluctuations can be monitored accordingly. The U.S. Department of Labor maintains an index of twen......
39. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
40. Commodity Jurisdiction In the United States For information about Commodity jurisdiction in the context of international trade, click here...
41. Corporation Sociedad Anónima (s.a.) in International Trade Meaning of Sociedad Anónima (s.a.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Spain, México and Latin America designation for a joint stock company with limited personal to shareholders. See [...]...
42. China Trade Act Corporation A corporation formed under the China Trade Act of 1922, which provided special tax incentives to firms engaged in trade with China. Following the collapse of the Nationalist government on mainland China in 1949, the act was amended to cover only Taiwan and Hong Kong. In its final form, the act provi......
43. Overseas Private Investment Corporation An independent agency of the U.S. government formed in 1971 to stimulate private investment in overseas projects, usually in developing countries. In furthering this objective, OPIC provides: (1) cost assistance, up to 75 percent, in the establishment of the foreign venture; (2) direct loans [...]...
44. Cash Commodity A tangible, physical commodity or financial instrument, the delivery of which to a purchaser could be effected immediately or nearly so.......
45. International Commodity Organization An organization of the producing nations of a particular commodity. The principal motive for the organization is to foster price collaboration among the producers; the organization may establish buffer stocks to prevent wide swings in the market price of the commodity. The principal [...]...
46. Commodity Future Resources See Also Futures contract...
47. Commodity Futures Contract Resources See Also Futures contract...
48. Commodity Option Resources See Also Option...
49. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
50. Credit Guarantees Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees: A subgroup of the OECD Trade .Committee,comprising all OECD [...]...
51. Corporation Tax Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
52. Associated Foreign Corporation As used in conjunction with the operations of a DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SALES CORPORATION (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, a foreign corporation in which neither the DISC nor members of t......
53. Discount Corporation A firm engaged in the discounting and trading of bills of exchange and acceptances. In the United States these functions are usually performed by commercial banks, although there are entities other than commercial banks specializing in this area.......
54. Domestic Corporation A corporation operating in the jurisdiction in which it was formed; hence, a New York corporation is a domestic corporation in New York, but a foreign corporation everywhere else.......
55. Edge Act Corporation A federally chartered bank formed under authority of the Edge Act of 1919 (Section 25 A of the Federal Reserve Act) exclusively for the purpose of engaging in international transactions. The Edge Act permits a commercial bank, through the formation of a subsidiary under Section 25 (A), to overcome t......
56. Foreign Corporation A corporation operating in a jurisdiction other than the one in which it was chartered. For example, a corporation chartered in France and one chartered in Connecticut would be equally foreign in New York. Occasionally the term alien corporation is applied to distinguish corporations chartered in no......
57. Section 931 Corporation It was a corporation operating in various U.S. possessions that, under certain circumstances, might accrue significant tax benefits. So named for Section 931 of the Internal Revenue Code, a firm might be exempt from Federal income tax on U.S. possessions income (so long as the dividends were not dis......
58. Cooperative Corporation Resources See Also Cooperative...
59. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
60. Foreign International Sales Corporation A foreign corporation controlled by a Domestic International Sales Corporation(read this and related legal terms for further details) (DISC) that satisfies the requirements of Section 993 of the Internal Reve......
61. Less Developed Country Corporation As provided in the 1980s in U.S. tax laws, a firm that derived at least 80 percent of its income in less developed countries (LDCs) and had at least 80 percent of its assets in LDCs. Dividend and interest income from such corporations was excluded from foreign-base company income to the extent it wa......
62. Private Export Funding Corporation A private corporation organized in 1970 for the purpose of providing medium- to long-term financing to foreign buyers of U.S. goods and services. PEFCO is owned by commercial banks and major industrial firms. Working capital is raised by issuance of commercial paper, guaranteed by the U.S. Export-Im......
63. Related Foreign Export Corporation According to Section 933 of the Internal Revenue Code, any foreign corporation that satisfies the definition of a foreign international sales Corporation, A Real Property Holding Company, or an Associated Foreign Corporation (qq.V.). See Domestic International Sales Corporation.......
64. Western Hemisphere Trading Corporation A domestic U.S. corporation which was entitled to certain tax advantages under Sections 921-22 of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify, a U.S.- chartered corporation must (1) derive at least 95 percent of its gross income for the three-year period immediately preceding the taxable year (or througho......
65. International Finance Corporation International Finance Corporation Outline The IFC is part of the World Bank. It came into force in 1956 pursuant to the Articles of Agreement of the International Finance Corporation of 1955. Its main function is to facilitate the supply of funds to private enterprises in order to encourage or [...]...
66. Banking And Financing Controlled Foreign Corporation A controlled foreign corporation within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code, that derives more than 50 percent of its gross income from retail or commercial banking, negotiable paper transactions, or investment banking.......
67. International Commodity Agreement A multilateral trade agreement aimed at promoting price and supply stability as related to the production of a particular commodity. Such agreements are characterized by the adherence of the principal producing and consuming nations, and the establishment of a commission to ensure the orderly implem......
68. Harmonized Commodity Description Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System: Legal text, heading, and subheading provisions Harmonized Commodity Description,Harmonized System (HS) and Harmonized System Codes (HS Code) ...
69. Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Process and Production Methods (PPMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Process and Production Methods (PPMs): In the context of environmental trade measures, refers to [...]...
70. Clean Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) against which the beneficiary may draw without supplying documents.......
71. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
72. Credit D´impot A tax credit permitted in Belgium to recipients of certain dividend income in recognition that the corporation paying the dividend has been previously taxed upon the income.......
73. Credit Method For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
74. Credit Tranche A lending facility at the International Monetary Fund for nations suffering balance of payments difficulties. Before borrowing in the credit tranche, a nation must have exhausted its gold tranche facility. The gold tranche is equivalent to the amount of gold that a nation has deposited with the IMF,......
75. Consumer Credit What is Consumer Credit in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of What is Consumer Credit covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
76. Clean Letter of Credit Synonymous with CLEAN CREDIT.......
77. Confirmed Letter of Credit Confirmed Letter of Credit in International Trade Meaning of Confirmed Letter of Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit that contains a guarantee on the part of both the issuing and de advising banks of payment to the seller so long [...]...
78. Commercial Letters of Credit Commercial Letters of Credit in relation with Letters of Credit This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Commercial Letters of Credit covered in connexion with Letters of Credit and banking / lending Institutions....
79. Consumer Credit Protection Act Resources See Also Annual percentage rate Equal Credit Opportunity Act Fair Credit Billing Act Fair Credit Reporting Acts Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Truth-in-Lending Act Uniform Consumer Credit Code...
80. C Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
81. Commercial Letter of Credit Resources See Also Letter of credit...
82. Foreign Credit Insurance Association An association of fifty U.S. insurance companies that operates in conjunction with the EXPORT-IMPORT bank (read this and related legal terms for further details), or Eximbank, to insure commercial risks associated with e......
83. Charitable Corporation Resources See Also Charitable organizations, infra...
84. Close Corporation Close or Closely Held Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
85. Austin v. Loral Corporation Austin v. Loral Corporation 1971 New York Court of Appeals • Loral had contract with Navy for radar sets, subcontracted ... Read more...
86. Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Gulf Oil Corporation Contents Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Gulf Oil Corporation 1975 Southern District of Florida Key concepts: • Requirements/outputs contracts. UCC ... Read more...
87. Foreign Sales Corporation Act A component of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, which permits formation of Foreign Sales Corporations (FSC, pronounced "fisk") as a tax incentive to American exporters, and revises tax treatment of income earned by Domestic International Sales Corporations (...
88. International Commodity Agreements International Commodity Agreements OutlineThe 'International Commodity Agreements', or 'Commodity Agreements', are expressions referring to a number of international agreements on specified commodities. For example, there were agreements on tin, wheat, sugar, coffee, cocoa a......
89. Acceptance Credit Acceptance Financing is considered here.......
90. Bill Of Credit A document requesting or directing the addressee to extend credit to a party stipulated in the letter. The person issuing the letter serves as a guarantor for any credit so extended.......
91. Full Tax Credit For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
92. Letter of Credit A document issued by a commercial bank committing itself to honor drafts drawn in accordance with the terms of the credit. The party to whom the credit is issued is the beneficiary; the party on behalf of whom the bank issues the credit is the applicant. Letters of credit may be issued as [...]...
93. Sight Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) under which sight drafts shall be drawn.......
94. Sterling Credit A letter of credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) against which bills of exchange are to be drawn in pounds sterling.......
95. Tax Credit Methods For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
96. Trade Credit Credit granted by nonfinancial firms, usually in the form of short-term deferral of payment of invoices by customers, e.g., account open sales. Also, trade credit represents the purchase of a firm's accounts receivable or trade acceptances.......
97. Usance Credit Also known as a time credit, a Letter of Credit (q. v.) that provides that the drafts drawn under the credit will mature thirty, sixty, or more days, up to nine months, after sight or date. A letter of credit providing for settlement more than nine months from shipment of the goods is normally in t......
98. Credit Spanish Translation of credit This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to credit and / or a definition of this topic: Haber (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Spanish Translation of credit This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in [...]...
99. Extensions of Credit In the United States For information about Extensions of credit in the context of international trade, click here...
100. Credit Enhancements Literature Review on Credit Enhancements In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Martin J. Luby and Tima T. Moldogaziev provide the following summary about the topic of Credit Enhancements: State and local governments often seek third-party credit enhancement as [...]...
101. Credit Applications Credit Applications in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Credit Applications covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
102. Credit Documents Loan or Credit Documents in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan or Credit Documents covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
103. Credit Unions Credit Unions regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Credit Unions covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
104. Credit Transactions Third-party Legal Opinions in Credit Transactions in relation with Legal Opinions This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Third-party Legal Opinions in Credit Transactions covered in connexion with Legal Opinions and banking / lending Institutions....
105. Credit Disclosure Resources See Also Annual percentage rate Consumer Credit Protection Act Truth-in-Lending Act...
106. Credit Bureau Resources See Also Credit rating Credit report...
107. Credit Sale Resources See Also Installment sale...
108. Credit Insurance Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance Resources See Also Insurance (Credit insurance)...
109. Credit Line Resources See Also Line (Line of credit)...
110. Credit Cooperative Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective...
111. Credit Union Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective...
112. Credit Policy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
113. Credit Control Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
114. Credit Guarantee Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
115. Credit System Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
116. Deferred Payment Credit Any letter of CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) that provides for payment to the beneficiary at any point in time later than sight.......
117. Delayed Payment Credit A letter of CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) under which the beneficiary submits his draft after having supplied shipping papers or other documents. This form of letter of credit usually pro......
118. Irrevocable Letter of Credit See Letter of Credit.......
119. Shipper's Credit Agreement An arrangement by which certain conferences grant terms usually fourteen to thirty days, for freight services performed by member carriers. Customarily the shipper provides the CONFERENCE (read this legal term for further details) with bank and cr......
120. Transferable Letter of Credit A Letter Of Credit (read this and related legal terms for further details) that is transferable from the original beneficiary to a subsequent beneficiary. This type of credit is used when the original beneficiary is a br......