Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Currency Adjustment Factor A surcharge imposed on ocean freight by a carrier to offset or mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations upon his freight revenue.......
2. Tariff (Customs) A document issued by a nation's customs authority principally for the purpose of specifying rates of duty to be applied on various imported products. A tariff customarily also includes quantitative restrictions (quotas) upon certain imports, preferential duties on products imported from specifie......
3. Sliding Scale Tariff A customs tariff in which rates of DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details) vary according to the price of a given import. Usually, as the price of the item declines, the duty is reduced. Duties may b......
4. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
5. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
6. Trade Act Of 1974 An act that provided the president the negotiating authority essential to participate in the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details) of tariff reductions. The act empowered the president to re......
7. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
8. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
9. Tariff (Freight) A document issued, usually in booklet form, by a Common Carrier (read this and related legal terms for further details) listing its charges for transportation services. Commonly, the rate, or cost of transportation, vari......
10. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
11. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
12. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
13. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
14. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
15. International Tanker Nominal Freight Scale A schedule of nominal rates for movements of tankers between world ports. Publication was ceased in 1969; it has been succeeded by Worldscale (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
16. Memorandum Tariff An abstract of a freight tariff. This document, usually published by carriers in a given trade, contains selected rates and other information extracted from the official tariff. The purpose of a memorandum tariff is to highlight information of wide interest.......
17. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
18. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
19. Flexible Tariff Special Drawing Ria customs tariff in which rates of duty can be raised or lowered by administrative action. In the United States the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 and other legislation have authorized the President to adjust duty rates downward in response to concessions from other nation......
20. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
21. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
22. Freight Broker Synonymous with Cargo Broker (read this and related legal terms for further details), in vessel charter transactions.......
23. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program An act of Congress which authorized the president to reduce tariffs in exchange for like concessions by trading partners. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, enacted as an amendment to the Smoot-Hawley Act (read thi......
24. Contract Shipper A merchant that has executed an Exclusive Patronage Contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a shipping conference, thereby agreeing to ship all its goods aboard vessels of steamship lines th......
25. Ocean Freight Differential A sum rep resenting the difference in freight costs associated with moving subsidized agricultural exports on American rather than cheaper foreign vessels. The differential is provided for shipments under the Agricultural Trade Development And Assistance Act (...
26. Discriminating Duty Synonymous with DIFFERENTIAL DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
27. Freight-Allowed Pricing Synonymous with zone-delivered pricing (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
28. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
29. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
30. Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No 8 A far-reaching and controversial pronouncement by the Financial Accounting Standards Board governing accounting practices used by American firms in transactions involving foreign currencies. The pronouncement, known commonly as FASB 8, came into effect for fiscal years beginning January 1, 1976. Am......
31. General Tariff A tariff schedule in which a single rate of duty applies to a given commodity irrespective of the country of origin. A general tariff makes no provision for preferential duties.......
32. Roosa Bonds Bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury in the 1960s to foreign central banks for dollars as part of a Swap Arrangement (read this and related legal terms for further details) to relieve exchange rate instability. The bonds prov......
33. Tariff Preferences Summary of Tariff Preferences Essentially synonymous with Trade Preferences (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on tariff preferences explores the context, history and effect [...]...
34. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
35. Double Column Tariff Double-Column Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Double-Column Tariff: A tariff schedule listing two duty rates for some or all commodities. In any given case, the [...]...
36. Purchasing Power Parity An equal relationship of prices between two countries. Price levels in both countries are substantially the same, considering the rate of exchange.......
37. Concession Summary of Concession An undertaking by one nation to reduce a tariff rate, increase a quota, or otherwise relieve an economic impediment to trade, usually in response to like concessions from trading partners. In addition to such reciprocal concessions, a nation may offer special duty [...]...
38. Tariff Act Of 1930 Also known as the Smoot- Hawley Act, this established the highest rates of duty ever imposed by the United States. Its passage was essentially a response to domestic unemployment during the Depression and protectionist forces in the agricultural and certain manufacturing sectors. Other nations accom......
39. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
40. Smithsonian Agreement A largely unsuccessful effort to revive the fixed exchange rate system established by the bretton woods agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
41. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
42. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
43. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
44. Freight Tariff Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) in International Trade Meaning of Not Otherwise Specified (NOS), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression and abbreviation is often applied to air freight tariffs, indicates that the rate stated in the tariff applies [...]...
45. Hot Money Short-term capital movements animated by speculation (as in response to an expected significant change in exchange rates) or to take advantage of interest rate differentials. The term is particularly relevant to funds placed overseas in accounts that may be rapidly liquidated if exchange or interest......
46. Crawling Peg A middle ground between fixed and freely floating exchange rates. Unlike the free- floating system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces alone, and a system of fixed exchange rates (i.e., the defunct Bretton Woods system), the crawling peg scheme envisions that various trading curr......
47. Freight of All Kinds Freight of All Kinds in International Trade Meaning of FAK (Freight of All Kinds), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Freight rate applicable to all types of goods and therefore is not restricted to a particular commodity. FAK freight rates are quoted [...]...
48. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
49. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
50. Bound Rates Bound Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bound Rates: Most favored-nation tariff rates resulting from GATT negotiations and thereafter incorporated as integral [...]...
51. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
52. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
53. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
54. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
55. Gold Tranche Position A drawing of foreign exchange from the international monetary FUND (read this and related legal terms for further details), by a member nation up to or equal with that country's gold on deposit with the IMF. In effec......
56. Tariff Biding Tariff Biding in International Trade Meaning of Tariff Biding, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties....
57. Fiat Money Currency that has value only because the state that issues it declares it to be legal tender; money that has no intrinsic value beyond the faith of the government that issues it. Paper money not freely exchangeable for gold or silver is fiat money. The term is often associated with regimes which ha......
58. Floating Currency Floating Currency in International Trade Meaning of Floating Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): One whose value in terms of foreign currency is not kept stable (on the basis of the par value or a fixed relationship to some other currency) but [...]...
59. Commonwealth Preference Special preferential rates of duty applied by member states of the British Commonwealth on merchandise imported from other Commonwealth countries. In many cases, duties among Commonwealth members were totally abolished. The accession of Britain into the European Com-munities, coupled with the adopt......
60. Combination Aircraft An aircraft equipped to carry both passengers and cargo on the same flight.......
61. Combination Vessel Usually used in reference to a vessel that is partially cellularized to accommodate containers, with the remainder of its cargo-carrying space dedicated to break-bulk stowage.......
62. Combination Export Manager . A service organization that acts as the export department of a manufacturing or trading firm. The CEM undertakes to find overseas buyers, negotiates contracts on behalf of its principal, and is often operationally indistinguishable from a branch of the manufacturer.......
63. Combination Acts Combination acts in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Combination acts provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party Legislative Power [...]...
64. Combination in Restraint of Trade Resources See Also Clayton Act Sherman Antitrust Act...
65. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
66. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
67. Contract Rate In the steamship industry, the freight rate applicable to goods shipped by a firm that has executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a Conference (...
68. Combination Resources See Also Conspiracy...
69. Cross Rate The ratio between the exchange rate of two currencies in relation to a third currency.......
70. Business Combination Agreements Acquisition, Merger, and Related Business Combination Agreements in relation with Financial Institution Acquisitions and Mergers This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Acquisition, Merger, and Related Business Combination Agreements covered in connexion with Financial [...]...
71. Actual Value Rate A freight rate applicable to certain commodities where, depending upon the actual goods, value may vary greatly. For example, the classification "scientific instruments" may embrace low-value laboratory glassware or high-value precision instruments. In such cases, the shipper must declare ......
72. Any Quantity Rate A freight rate applicable to a specific commodity irrespective of the quantity shipped, without provision for quantity discounts.......
73. Base Rate The specific commodity or general class rate applicable to a product in a common carrier's tariff. Various surcharges, fuel adjustments, currency adjustment factors, et cetera, may be imposed on top of the base rate; they are often expressed as a percentage of the base rate.......
74. Block Rate A reduced rail freight rate levied on movements of ten or more cars at one time from one shipper to a simple consignor.......
75. Cable Rate The exchange rate quoted for a given currency transferred by cable. The cable rate is higher than the rate for checks or bills of exchange denominated in the same currency because cable transfers are virtually instantaneous, thereby denying the bank or broker use of the funds during the collection p......
76. Check Rate The rate of exchange applicable to bankers' checks. This rate is lower than the cable rate but higher than the rate applicable to time bills of exchange, owing to the time value of money.......
77. Customs Rate The rate of exchange employed by U.S. Customs in converting foreign currency invoices for the purpose of arriving at a value, in U.S. dollars, for imported merchandise. Ad valorem duties are applied on the dollar value. In accordance with the Customs Simplification Act of 1956, the secretary of the......
78. Differential Rate A freight rate derived by compiling existing intermediate rates; this process is used where no through rate exists between the points of origin and destination.......
79. Directional Rate A freight rate reduced for cargo moving in a direction where cargo is light, for the purpose of stimulating movements. Under such circumstances, it is quite possible that the rate for the same product moving in the other direction (where tonnage is heavy) may be significantly higher.......
80. Effective Interest Rate Also known as the real interest rate, the return to capital derived by adjusting the nominal rate of interest for inflation. For example, a bond may bear a nominal rate of interest (the rate that the instrument pays) of 10 percent; by deducting the rate of inflation—say, 4 percent—we derive the ......
81. Effective Lending Rate The actual cost of a loan when such factors as commitment fees and compensating balances are computed on top of the interest rate.......
82. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
83. Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
84. Freight, All Kinds Rate A fixed charge levied by a carrier to ship a container, trailer, car, et cetera, from one point to another, irrespective of the contents. A FAK rate supersedes class or commodity rates. The shipper, in effect, pays a flat charge to move the unit and may ship whatever he wishes up to the rated capaci......
85. Interest Rate Risk The risk borne by the holder of fixed rate securities that interest rates will rise above those paid by his holdings, thereby depriving him of interest that might otherwise have been earned.......
86. Long Rate The rate paid by a bank or foreign exchange broker for long bills of exchange (i.e., those having a tenor of more than thirty days) payable abroad.......
87. Minimum Lending Rate The rate at which the Bank of England lends to members of the discount market against the security of treasury bills or other government paper with less than five years to mature.......
88. Nominal Interest Rate The rate of interest earned by an investment, without adjustment for inflation. Deducting the inflation factor from the nominal rate yields the effective or real interest rate, which is a more accurate reflection of the return on the investment.......
89. Open Rate A freight rate that is not set by a Conference (read this legal term for further details) and is therefore negotiable. An open rate may result from the absence of a conference rate agreement, or similar rate-setting scheme over a given trade route......
90. Paper Rate A rate in a tariff under which no cargo moves.......
91. Released Valuation Rate A lower tariff rate provided by a common carrier to a shipper in return for a reduced claim liability on the part of the carrier. For example, a carrier may offer a reduced rate if the shipper agrees to release the value of the product at fifty cents per pound. The Interstate Commerce Commission mus......
92. Riskless Rate Of Return The rate of interest paid by government securities; it constitutes a base against which other rates of return may be judged in assessing the effective use of capital.......
93. Royalty Rate The return that a firm receives from granting license for the use of its processes, trademarks, et cetera, to another firm.......
94. Statutory Rate Of Duty The rate of duty on the given product specified by the Smoot- Hawley Act (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1930. The rates established by this act are applied to Column 2 countries, i.e., those t......
95. Step-Down Rate A financing agreement in which a lower rate of interest is charged later in the life of the loan than at the beginning.......
96. Variable Rate Loan A loan on which the rate of interest is adjusted periodically in accordance with market rates.......
97. American Tanker Rate Schedule A schedule of nominal rates for tanker movements between world ports. Publication was ceased in 1969, and it has been succeeded by WORLDSCALE (read this legal term for further details).......
98. Equity Plus Variable-Rate Debt A purchase arrangement in which the borrower contributes a portion of the purchase price (his equity) and takes a loan for the rest at a rate of interest that fluctuates periodically in response to some specified money market index.......
99. Highest Original Statutory Rate A provision contained in General Headnote 10(d) of the Tariff Schedules that stipulates that in any case where two or more tariff classifications could be applied equally to an imported product, the classification having the highest original statutory rate (Column 2) shall be imposed, even though a ......
100. London Interbank Offered Rate Often abbreviated as LIBOR, the rate at which major London banks will lend funds to each other. It is used as a money market index, and loans are often expressed in terms of LIBOR plus a percentage. LIBOR is used, in Eurodollar loans, as an equivalent to prime rate in the United States.......
101. Through Rate A freight rate that is the total rate from origin to destination; in some cases, surcharges may be applicable to the basic freight, and are additional to the through rate.......
102. Bank Rate The rate at which the Bank of England and the Bank of Canada lend to commercial banks.......
103. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
104. Discount Rate Also known as the re-discount rate, the rate of interest charged by the Federal Reserve to member banks for advances. The rates are set every fourteen days by the regional Federal Reserve banks upon approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system.The discount rate is a p......
105. Extraction Rate The proportion, on a weight basis, between a finished or processed product and the raw materials from which it was manufactured.......
106. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
107. Joint Rate Summary of Joint Rate A single factor rate applicable to the movement of goods through two or more carriers.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Joint through rate Rate...
108. Lombard Rate The interest rate charged West German commercial banks on loans from the central bank using securities as collateral.......
109. Missionary Rate A freight rate established a: a particularly low level as an impetus to an infant industry.......
110. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
111. Predatory Rate An ocean freight rate set intentionally low so as to drive out competition. Soviet flag carriers, animated by motives other than commercial profit, were widely criticized for establishing predatory rates. Certain noncommunist carriers, enjoying heavy state subsidies, were also suspected of setting p......
112. Prime Rate The rate of interest on business loans by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers. The maintenance of a COMPENSATING BALANCE (read this and related legal terms for further details) by the borrower is custom......
113. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
114. Real Interest Rate Synonymous with effective interest Rate (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
115. Step-Up Rate A financing arrangement in which a higher rate of interest is charged later in the life of the loan than at the beginning.......
116. Time Volume Rate A contract between a shipper of cargo and a steamship line or conference in which the shipper pledges to ship a specific quantity of cargo aboard the carrier's vessels between agreed ports, during a given time period for a fixed sum of money per freight unit.......
117. Equity Plus Fixed-Rate Debt A purchase arrangement in which the borrower contributes a portion of the purchase price (his equity) and takes a loan for the rest at a fixed rate of interest.......
118. Tax Rate Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tax Rate) Ad......
119. Rate Spanish Translation of tariff and rateThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to tariff or rate and / or a definition of this topic: Tarifa (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
120. Sight Rate The rate of exchange used by a bank or foreign exchange dealer in purchasing a sight bill of exchange or similar instrument denominated in a foreign currency.......