Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Currency Convertible In Fact A national currency that can be used for the settlement of private transactions, as contrasted with an artificial CURRENCY UNIT (read this legal term for further details), such as special drawing rights, which are used only by governments for t......
2. Credit Currency Synonymous with Fiduciary Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
3. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
4. Guest Currency The currency in which a Eurobond (read this and related legal terms for further details) or other financial obligation is issued. The currency is selected to be acceptable to both the foreign borrower and the lender, and......
5. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
6. Fiduciary Currency A currency backed solely by the faith of the government that issues it. The term does not carry the negative import often associated with fiat money (read this and related legal terms for further details). See also Money......
7. Multiple Currency System Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
8. Eurco A commercial version of the European Currency Unit (read this and related legal terms for further details). In order to stimulate interest in the European currency unit (ECU), in 1973 the European Investment Bank introdu......
9. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
10. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
11. Gold Sterilization A governmental policy to prevent the expansion of a nation's money supply by preventing the accumulation of gold. In the case of a nation on the Gold Standard (read this and related legal terms for further details), ......
12. Pivot Charge The minimum charge imposed by an air carrier for the use of a Unit Load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details), or air container. The charge is based upon a Pivot Weight (...
13. Green Clause A provision in a letter OF CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) similar to a RED CLAUSE (read this and related legal t......
14. Hague Agreement The product of a 1924 conference on ocean carrier liability sponsored by the International Chamber of Commerce. The agreement embraced various defenses to carrier liability for loss or damage to cargo and established a limitation of liability at one hundred pounds sterling (approximately five hundre......
15. Intermediate Goods Synonymous with Intermediate Products (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
16. Offshore Finance Company Synonymous with Foreign Base Finance Company (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
17. Bargaining Agent Bargaining agent in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Bargaining agent provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A workers' representative authorised to bargain collectively on behalf of workers in a bargaining unit. See collective bargaining Description of Bargaining Agent Resources [...]...
18. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
19. Coastwise Option A provision of the carriage OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) (COGSA) which permits COGSA to be incorporated into bills of lading covering shipments in the domestic maritime comm......
20. Transaction Value Of Similar Goods Sold An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
21. Islamic Dinar The unit of account of the Islamic Investment Bank, equal to one Special Drawing Right (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
22. Visby Amendment A proposed revision to the Hague Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1924 on the liability of ocean carriers for loss and damage to cargo. The Visby Amendment does not contemplate materia......
23. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
24. Consignment Summary of Consignment Goods in transit under a bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details)(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consignment in International Trade Meaning of Consignment, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global [...]...
25. Fiat Money Currency that has value only because the state that issues it declares it to be legal tender; money that has no intrinsic value beyond the faith of the government that issues it. Paper money not freely exchangeable for gold or silver is fiat money. The term is often associated with regimes which ha......
26. Reconstitution A regulation of the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) relating to the use of Special Drawing Rights (...
27. Swapping A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) by which the parties trade off goods that each controls at various locations so as to eliminate or mitigate transportation costs.......
28. Freely Offered Goods offered in the normal course of trade to all buying on essentially the same basis, e.g., with like prices, terms, discounts, et cetera. Under prior valuation schemes, the value at which the goods were "freely offered" served as the basis for the assessment of customs duties; this con......
29. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
30. Consignee The person or firm to whom goods are shipped under a bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) and so named in the bill.......
31. Drawing Unit Reserve Asset More commonly known by the acronym DURA, a proposed artificial currency unit to be used as an international reserve asset. The Dura was an evolutionary step toward the creation of the special drawing rights (read this and re......
32. ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
33. Pivot Weight The minimum chargeable weight assigned to an air container or unit load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details). Each type of unit load device is assigned a weight (the pivot weight) for which the ......
34. Fiduciary Standard Synonymous with FIDUCIARY CURRENCY (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
35. Basel Agreement An agreement, concluded April 24, 1972, among members of the European Economic Community for the purpose of narrowing the margins of fluctuation among community currencies. Participants in the agreement were Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands. The agreement served as th......
36. Counterpurchase A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) in which two parties agree to purchase specified quantities of merchandise from each other at a fixed price. The effect is that each party si......
37. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
38. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
39. Straight Consignment Goods conveyed under a straight, i.e., nonnegotiable, Bill of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
40. Triffin Plan A proposal advanced by Professor Robert Triffin to establish a system for the settlement of international accounts. Originally articulated in Gold and the Dollar Crisis (1960), the Triffin Plan urged the creation of an international reserve asset to be used only for international account settlement.......
41. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
42. Clause Paramount A provision in an ocean bill of lading that incorporates by reference laws or international agreements into the bill. The term is most commonly used with reference to the enacting clause of the CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (......
43. Consign Summary of Consign The act of ordering a carrier to deliver a lot of merchandise from a given point to a given destination. The order is given via the medium of a Bill Of Lading (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources [...]...
44. Safeguard Measures Actions taken by a nation to protect its domestic industry and commerce from what it views as unfair or improper practices by a trading partner. For example, a trading partner's use of improper subsidies designed to artificially stimulate exports might result in such safeguard measures as the im......
45. Asian Currency Units A unit of account, employed in some Asian banks, equal to the U.S. dollar.The Asian currency unit arose to circumvent banking regulations which prohibited accounts denominated in terms of foreign currency.......
46. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
47. Respondentia The pledge of cargo by a vessel's master as collateral for a loan to permit the ship to continue on its journey or to make arrangements to forward the goods. The bond so created gives the lender a Maritime Lien (read thi......
48. Bargaining Agreement Collective bargaining agreement in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Collective bargaining agreement provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: An agreement, generally in writing, that incorporates the results of collective bargaining between representatives of workers and employers. See [...]...
49. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
50. Nairobi Treaty On The Protection Of The Olympic Symbol An international agreement to protect the Olympic symbol against commercial use without the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The treaty specifies that adhering states will prohibit use of the Olympic symbol on goods or advertising or as a trademark except under license from th......
51. Quota-Class Merchandise Goods subject to Quota (read this and related legal terms for further details) restrictions.......
52. Deductive Value Method An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation code (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
53. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
54. Switching Also known as switch trading, a Countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) arrangement under which a purchaser in one country assigns to a seller in another country an obligation due from a thir......
55. Guatemala Protocol (1971) A modification of the Warsaw Convention (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1929.......
56. Hague Protocol (1955) A modification of the Warsaw Convention (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1929.......
57. International Gold Bullion Standard A Gold Bullion standard (read this and related legal terms for further details) that permits redemption of currency into gold only for purposes of export.......
58. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
59. Regulation K A pronouncement of the Federal Reserve system that permits both domestic and foreign banks to establish a "mother" Edge Act Corporation (read this and related legal terms for further details), which can establi......
60. Tramp A vessel that offers nonscheduled service between such ports as afford cargoes of opportunity. Unlike a Liner (read this and related legal terms for further details), a tramp seeks to acquire a full load from one shipper......
61. Cross Bill Synonymous with re-draft (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
62. Super Gold Tranche A condition in which drawings by a member of the international Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) cause fund holdings of the member's currency to fall below 75 percent of the member......
63. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
64. Transaction Value Of Identical Merchandise An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the CustomsValuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
65. Certificate Of Receipt Synonymous with FORWARDER'S RECEIPT (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
66. Customs Enforcement Area An area not to extend more than fifty miles seaward, beyond the CUSTOMS WATERS (read this and related legal terms for further details). Within this zone customs officers are authorized to enforce U.S. laws if the preside......
67. Foreign Entity Within the meaning of financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) relative to accounting for foreign currency transactions, aforeign entity is an affiliate......
68. Superimposed Clause A notation on the face of a Bill Of lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) that indicates a defect in the cargo or its mode of transport. Such notations include "received in damaged condition......
69. Collective Farm A communal farm on which the land and heavy machinery are owned by the state, but the other means of production are owned by the participating farmers. Often the member families cultivate a private plot on the farm in addition to the communal plot. Management of the farm is ostensibly controlled by ......
70. Customary Freight Unit As used within the context of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, the unit upon which freight is assessed on bulk or unpackaged cargoes. The act provided that a carrier's liability for loss or damage to cargo shall be limited (in the 1980s) to $500 per package, or "other customary freight uni......
71. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
72. Collective Security Collective Security, providing for the military defense by means of broad-based alliances among many nations who are pledged to help defend each other against aggressors. (1) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on collective security explores the context, history and effect of [...]...
73. Collective Liability The Legal History of Collective LiabilityThis section provides an overview of Collective Liability ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Collective Liability in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University [...]...
74. Collective Bargaining Ageement Spanish Translation of collective bargaining ageementThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to collective bargaining ageement and / or a definition of this topic: Convenio Colectivo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
75. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Collective bargaining provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers' [...]...
76. Collective Dispute Collective dispute in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Collective dispute provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: See industrial dispute Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition [...]...
77. Collective Action Concept of Collective Action Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying...
78. Collective Labor Agreements Collective labor Agreements (Law Materials) In this section, find out some resources in relation to Collective labor Agreements legal materials (as legal instruments) and resources in relation to Contracts (Including Collective labor Agreements and Deeds) legal materials (as legal [...]...
79. Collective Rights Definition of Collective Rights Within the context of international human rights, the following is a brief meaning of collective rights: The rights of groups to protect their interests and identities. Related Fields Related topics include: Community Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
80. Collective Choice Bipolar Model in Collective Choice, the Law and other Social Sciences A collective choice problem is a decision problem where a certain number (possibly reduced to one) of agents, stakeholders or decision makers must select alternative(s) from a possibly large set or universe of alternatives [...]...
81. Collective Measures Embracing mainstream international law, this section on collective measures explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "collective measures" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
82. Collective Punishment Embracing mainstream international law, this section on collective punishment explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "collective punishment" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
83. Collective Self-defence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on collective self-defence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "collective self-defence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
84. Collective Redress Collective Redress in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to collective redress on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on [...]...
85. Collective Labor Agreement Resources See Also Collective bargaining agreement...
86. Collective Bargaining Agreement Resources See Also Collective labor agreement Trade agreement...
87. Collective Work Resources See Also Compilation...
88. Collective Human Rights Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law Collective Right Society Public Law...
89. Collective Economy Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
90. Collective Farming Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
91. Collective Dismissal Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy Employment...
92. Collective Agreement Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation...
93. Collective Agreement Extension Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation...
94. Contracts (including Collective Labor Agreements and Deeds) Contracts (Including Collective labor Agreements and Deeds) (Law Materials) In this section, find out some resources in relation to Contracts (Including Collective labor Agreements and Deeds) legal materials (as legal instruments). Other Legal Instruments Other legal instruments include: [...]...
95. Reserve Assets Gold or foreign currency held by a central bank or national treasury as backing for currency it issues.......
96. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
97. Strategic Petroleum Reserve A program established under authority of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 that directs the U.S. Department of Energy to build a buffer stock of petroleum to insulate the United States against an interruption of foreign supplies. The act mandates a reserve of 750 million barrels by the......
98. Monetary Unit The unit of account established by law in terms of which transactions are expressed. In the United States the monetary unit is the dollar, which, although no longer officially converted into gold, is tied to gold at the rate of $42.22 per fine ounce.......
99. Pilotage Unit A unit of measure used to calculate pilotage fees charged a vessel for entering or leaving a harbor. The figure is determined by multiplying the ship's length by its breadth by its depth from its lowest continuous deck, and dividing by ter. thousand.......
100. Unit Load Device A container used aboard aircraft for the purpose of unitizing cargo. Unit load devices, commonly known as ULDs, come in various configurations, depending upon the type of aircraft on which they are used as well as where they are stowed aboard the aircraft. On 747 cargo freighters, aluminum (and occa......
101. Unit Train A movement of an entire trainload of goods between one shipper and one consignee. Customarily, a shipment of fifty carloads at one time is required to justify a unit train movement. ......
102. Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit Often expressed as TEU, a measure of a vessel's cargo- carrying capacity, equivalent to one standard twenty-foot ocean container, measuring twenty feet by eight feet by eight feet. One forty-foot container constitutes two TEUs.......
103. Reserve Reserves in Law LibrariesThe follow definition of Reserves is of use in law library research: Materials which a professor has set aside for a class to use. These materials may be checked out at the Circulation/Reserve Desk. Loan periods will vary: some items circulate for 2 days, others for 2 [...]...
104. Without Reserve Without Reserve in International Trade Meaning of Without Reserve, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term indicating that an agent or representative is empowered to make definite decisions and adjustments without the approval of the principal [...]...
105. Reserve Accounting The practice whereby a bank posts reserves against its asset balances. The percentage of reserves is prescribed by the Federal Reserve system and varies from time to time as an instrument of monetary policy. There are two schemes for reserve accounting: 1. Lagged reserve accounting. Reserves are po......
106. Mathematical Reserve Spanish Translation of mathematical reserveThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to mathematical reserve and / or a definition of this topic: Reserva Matemática (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
107. Domaine Reservé Embracing mainstream international law, this section on domaine reservé explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "domaine reservé" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
108. Auction without Reserve Description of Auction Without Reserve Resources See Also Without Reserve Auctions Auctioneers...
109. Nature Reserve Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to nature reserve in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
110. Bad Debt Reserve Resources See Also Reserve...
111. Food Reserve Resources See Also Food Agriculture Food Law Restaurant...
112. Federal Reserve Board Concept of Federal Reserve Board Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy...
113. Foreign Exchange Reserve Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
114. Art Unit Description of Art Unit In this reference work, art unit is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents...
115. Artificial Currency Unit An international standard of value created by a multilateral agreement. An artificial currency unit (ACU) is not a currency in the conventional sense in that it cannot be used to settle private transactions. An ACU is given a value in terms of a basket of various national currencies in fixed or vari......
116. European Currency Unit Summary of European Currency Unit The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) European Currency Unit and the European Union Resources See Also ECU...
117. Unit Of Measure In international accounting, the currency used by a firm to measure assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, et cetera.......
118. Bargaining Unit Bargaining unit in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Bargaining unit provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A group of workers within a particular company, establishment, industry or occupation that constitutes an appropriate unit for the purpose of collective bargaining. See [...]...
119. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
120. Equivalent Unit Forty-foot Equivalent Unit in International Trade Meaning of FEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A practice in marine commerce expressing cargo quantity in terms of forty-foot container loads. One FEU equals two TEUs [...]...