Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
2. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
3. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
4. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
5. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
6. Civic Engagement Literature Review on (Nonprofit Organizations) Civic Engagement In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Angela M. Eikenberry offers the following summary about the topic of (Nonprofit Organizations) Civic Engagement: This entry examines ways in which nonprofit [...]...
7. Civic Duty Literature Review on Civic Duty In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Vera Vogelsang-Coombs and Larry Bakken provide the following summary about the topic of Civic Duty: This entry discusses the civic duty of public administrators, based on legal, ethical, and [...]...
8. Ballot Paper Mock Ballot Paper in Election Law Ballot paper used during civic and voter education campaigns to familiarise voters with the real ballot papers used on election day. It shows the ballot structure, how it should be marked and how to avoid marking it in a way that would render it invalid. [...]...
9. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
10. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
11. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
12. Simulation Simulation in Election Law Exercise carried out prior to an election to test the equipment and the implementation procedures for election day. Also known as mock polling, this can help to train polling staff and demonstrate voting procedures to voters. Resources See Also Vocational Training [...]...
13. Civic Service Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to civic service in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
14. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
16. Exclusion Exclusion in Election Law Event which occurs when a potential voter cannot exercise his or her right to vote on election day because his or her name does not appear on the voter list. This can be due to several reasons: an oversight on the part of the voter, the result of his or her refusal to [...]...
17. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
18. Journalism Civic Journalism in Election Law Practice and set of values that aim to integrate journalism into the democratic process, based on the belief that such journalism fulfils a public obligation. This goes beyond informing the public, working towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. [...]...
19. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
20. Volunteer Volunteer in Election Law In an electoral context, a person who decides to donate his or her time without being paid to support a candidate, act as an election observer or take part in citizen activities, in particular civic education. Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to [...]...
21. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
22. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
24. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
25. Omission Omission in Election Law Situation in which the name of a potential voter does not appear on the voter list although the person has registered. In general this is the result of a mistake, either on the part of the electoral administration, such as a data entry error, or on the part of the [...]...
26. Civic Center Civic CenterCivic Center, focal land area within a community, containing one or more dominant public structures. The term civic center has also been used more recently to refer to the entire central business district of a community. In planning this type of civic center, special attention i......
27. Voter List Final Voter List in Election Law A final list of eligible voters for an upcoming election or referendum updated, after the display and challenge period, with neccesary actions of correction, addition and removal. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
28. Public Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
29. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
30. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
31. Career Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
32. Comparative Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
33. Compulsory Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
34. Continuing Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
35. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
36. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
37. Primary Education In relation to the primary education and constitutional law, Pablo Meix Cereceda[1] made the following observation: 'Primary education' is one of the expressions most frequently used by constitutions around the world when they refer to school education of children [...]...
38. Cooperative Vocational Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
39. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
40. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Single Ballot Single Ballot in Election Law Unlike the multiple ballot, this is a ballot paper on which all possible choices open to the voter are printed. The voter selects one or more options, depending on the electoral system. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
42. Full Time Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
43. Part Time Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
44. Basic Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
45. Education of Women Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
46. Environmental Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
47. Free Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
48. Health Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
49. Informal Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
50. Migrant Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
51. Nonformal Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
52. Permanent Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
53. Population Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
54. Preschool Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
55. Private Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
56. Safety Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
57. Secondary Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
58. Workers Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
59. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
60. Integrity Integrity Cost in Election Law Expenses that a country incurs to ensure that elections take place in an environment of fairness and to guarantee a level playing field for all. Such costs can be related to providing equitable media access for parties, party funding, voter education and, in some [...]...
61. Further Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
62. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
63. Cycle Electoral Cycle in Election Law Refers to the different stages of the electoral process and can be represented as a visual planning and training tool designed to help development agencies, electoral assistance providers and electoral officials in partner countries to understand the cyclical [...]...
64. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
65. Abstention Rate Abstention Rate in Election Law Percentage of voters who did not go to the polls on election day. This percentage is highly important in that it is an indication of the degree of citizens' lack of interest in an election. It may also be an indication of how confident citizens are in the [...]...
66. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
67. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
68. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
69. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
70. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
71. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
72. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
73. Adult Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
74. Agricultural Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
75. General Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
76. Out of School Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
77. Technical Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
78. Vocational Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
79. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
80. Special Education Development of Communication Skills Through Auditory Training Software in Special Education, the Law and other Social Sciences There have been issues identified regarding the education of children with hearing disorders. Those do not allow the development of communicative-linguistic competence [...]...
81. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
83. Public Media Public Media in Election Law Written, audiovisual or electronic media which is state-owned. These outlets provide a public service – that of informing citizens – and as such, they are expected to be neutral. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
84. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
85. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
86. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
87. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
88. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
89. Teller Teller in Election Law Party representative who waits outside polling stations and asks people for their number on the voter register. This is to help parties ensure that all their supporters have voted. A teller has no official status and no one is obliged to give them any information. [...]...
90. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
91. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
92. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
93. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
94. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
95. By-Law By-law in Election Law In the electoral context, secondary legislation or rules of procedure issued for the purposes of implementing the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
96. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
97. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
98. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Instrument in Election Law Method by which citizens can participate directly in the political decision making process. It may take one of three forms: 1. Citizens voting on a public policy proposal originating from somewhere outside the legislature (referendum); 2. Citizens [...]...
99. Media Access to Media in Election Law The right and ability of each candidate to appear in audiovisual media and use any other means to communicate his or her political programme, values and principles to the public. Equal access to media is one of the prerequisites of a fair election. Media in [...]...
100. Ballot Reconciliation Ballot Reconciliation in Election Law Verification technique aiming to ensure that the number of ballots contained in the ballot box matches the number of signatures on the voter list. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
101. Sensitive Material Sensitive Material in Election Law All material without which polling cannot take place. This includes ballot papers, the voter list, ballot boxes, seals, stamps and indelible ink. Sensitive materials can contain information about individuals or be used for fraudulent purposes. These materials [...]...
102. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
103. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
104. Non-governmental Organisation Non-governmental Organisation (ngo) in Election Law Entities that are neither a part of a government or are conventional for-profit businesses. Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs are highly diverse and can be engaged in a wide range of activities, generally for the public good. In the [...]...
105. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
106. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
107. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
108. Professional Campaign Professional in Election Law Person with proven experience in planning and conducting election campaigns. He or she is specifically skilled in campaign techniques and in making them work, as well as in fundraising, developing campaign messages, working with and through the media, [...]...
109. Identification Introduction to Identification Identification, proof of identity: something, especially a card or document, to prove that somebody is who he or she claims to be. In law, proof that a person or item before the court is the same as alleged. Witness recognition of a defendant is an example of i......
110. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
111. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
112. Outreach Public Outreach in Election Law Provision of information to populations who might not otherwise have access to it. In many cases, groups providing information are not stationary but mobile. Outreach has an educational role, raising voters' awareness of their rights and responsibilities and [...]...
113. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
114. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
115. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
116. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
117. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
118. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
119. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
120. Court of First Instance Court of First Instance in Election Law Court of original or primary jurisdiction which can be mandated by electoral law to rule on certain election-related disputes. The Court of First Instance Name The Court of First Instance is the standarized name of one of the International Courts and [...]...