Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
2. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
3. London Gold Pool An arrangement among certain European central banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designed to maintain stability in the market price of gold in private transactions. The United States had been committed to buy and sell gold in official transactions at thirty-five dollars per ounce; a priv......
4. Regional Development Banks Regional Development Banks (IDB) This section provides an overview of regional development banks (idb) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Suresh Nanwani, "Regional Development Banks [...]...
5. International Banking Contents International Banking International Banking in the United States The expansion of trade in recent decades has been paralleled by ... Read more...
6. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
7. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
8. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
9. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
10. Alliance For Progress Alliance For Progress Summary of Alliance For Progress An economic development program for Latin America sponsored by the Organization of American States (OAS) at the 1961 Punta del Este Conference. The program called for ten years of concerted efforts directed towards economic growth, [...]...
11. WEU WEU (Western European Union) and Europe There is an entry on weu (western european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Common Foreign and Security Policy, NATO and WEU and the European Union WEU and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
12. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
13. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
14. Economic Cooperation Organization Introduction to Economic Cooperation Organization Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), an organization that promotes economic and cultural cooperation between Islamic states (see Islam). Established in 1985, its original members were Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. The conclusion of the Sovi......
15. European Coal And Steel Community European Coal And Steel Community Summary of European Coal And Steel Community One of three component entities within the European Communities, the coal and steel organization was formed following World War II to permit member states to equalize their access to iron and steel resources. The [...]...
16. European Trade Union Confederation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
17. Commission of the European Community Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
18. Efta Efta Efta in International Trade Meaning of Efta, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental organization set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its four Member [...]...
19. Freer Trade History of Commercial Treaties: Freer TradeHopeful omens, however, began to appear. In 1934 the United States passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement, by which the president was empowered to lower import duties on a country's goods if that country reciprocated. The United States thereby m......
20. Oecd Concept of Oecd An introductory definition of Oecd is provided here: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, organization of 29 industrialized countries OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, abbreviated as OECD and based in Paris (FR), is an [...]...
21. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, abbreviated as UNECE, is one of five regional commissions of the United Nations. UNECE was set up in 1947 to promote pan-European economic integration. To do so, it groups 56 countries [...]...
22. EEA See EEA disambiguation page for other meanings of EEA The European Economic Area, abbreviated as EEA, consists of the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU) and three countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (all except Switzerland, namely: Iceland, Liechtenstein and [...]...
23. Arab Labor Organization Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
24. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
25. Swap Arrangement An agreement between central banks to lend each other prearranged sums of each other's currency. This arrangement is designed to permit a central bank to intervene in the foreign exchange market so as to retard speculative pressures on its currency. Such agreements are generally bilateral and us......
26. European Regional Development Fund European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Structural funds...
27. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
28. Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): An organization of II countries -- including all former Soviet republics [...]...
29. Europe Central and East European Countries (CEECs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Central and East European Countries (CEECs): Includes Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, [...]...
30. International Governmental Organization Concept of International Governmental Organization (igo) An introductory definition of International Governmental Organization (igo) is provided here: any international body or agency set up by the state, controlled by its member states, and dealing primarily with their common interests [...]...
31. Central Boycott Office An agency of the Arab League established in 1951 to orchestrate the ARAB BOYCOTT (read this and related legal terms for further details) of Israeli industry. The CBO has its headquarters in Damascus, Syria, with offices ......
32. Central Bank The principal monetary authority of a nation. In most commercially developed nations the central bank issues the currency and acts as banker for the government and the nation's commercial banks. By setting the rate at which it will lend money to commercial banks, the central bank [...]...
33. Central Monetary Institutions The principal agencies of government responsible for a nation's international financial affairs, particularly in exchange rate or balance of payments matters. The central monetary institutions usually consist of the ministry of finance and the central bank, or another exchange control agency.......
34. Central African Customs and Economic Union Central African Customs And Economic Union Central African Customs and Economic Union Outline The Central African Customs and Economic Union (CACEU or UDEAC: Union Douanier et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale) The union came into existence in 1966 pursuant to a treaty signed in 1964 by [...]...
35. Central Commission For The Navigation Of The Rhine Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine OutlineThe Central Commission refers to an international body founded by a number of European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), which are interested in the navigation of the Rhine. Th......
36. Central American Court of Justice Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) This entry includes background information and links to the Agreement on the Statute of the Central American Court of Justice, the Ordinance of Procedures and Regulations, and resolutions of the court. Description Since the demise of the Spanish [...]...
37. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
38. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
39. Central Banking Contents Central Banking Role of Central Banking The foremost monetary institution in a market economy is the central bank. These ... Read more...
40. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
41. Central America The Legal History of Central American Republics This section provides an overview of Central American Republics The Legal History of South and Central America This general section provides an overview of South and Central America and its historical context. South and Central America [...]...
42. Central Government Sphere of Government The action of the state, or sovereign power, or government in a civilized community shapes itself into the threefold functions of legislation, judicature and administration. The two first are perfectly well-defined, and the last includes all the kinds of state action not [...]...
43. Central Banks European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and Europe There is an entry on european system of central banks (escb) in the European legal encyclopedia. This section provides an overview of central banks within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage [...]...
44. Central Asia Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
45. Central Africa Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
46. Central African Republic The Legal History of Central African Republic This section provides an overview of Central African Republic Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Central [...]...
47. Central European Initiative Central European Initiative (CEI) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Central European Initiative (CEI): A regional cooperation organization including Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, [...]...
48. Central Treaty Organization Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
49. Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram Contents Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram • Three former employees of CAB had signed agreements not to compete CAB ... Read more...
50. Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram 2 Contents Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram See also Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc. v. Ingram 1984 Tennessee Supreme Court • ... Read more...
51. Central European Free Trade Agreement Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA): A regional cooperation organization and prospective free trade [...]...
52. Central America Free Trade Agreements Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr"): TRANSPARENCY AND [...]...
53. Central American Bank for Economic Integration Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
54. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
55. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
56. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
57. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
58. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
59. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
60. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
61. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
62. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
63. Central Authority Contents Central Authority Under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction In addition to creating a ... Read more...
64. Bilateral Central Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
65. De Sanchez v. Banco Central de Nicaragua Contents JOSEFINA NAJARRO de SANCHEZ v. BANCO CENTRAL de NICARAGUA United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 770 ... Read more...
66. Conflict Resolution in Central African Republic Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution in Central African Republic in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution in Central African Republic: On December 5, 2013, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution on the crisis in the [...]...
67. Central American Legal Systems Contents Central American Legal Systems List of National Central America Legal Systems List of the national legal systems that exist ... Read more...
68. EU-Central America Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement Contents EU-Central America Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement Title of Treaty Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement between the European Community ... Read more...
69. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
70. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
71. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
72. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
73. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
74. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
75. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
76. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
77. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
78. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
79. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
80. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
81. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
82. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
83. Capital Market Liability Capital Market Liability in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to capital market liability on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
84. Clear Market Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
85. European Central Bank European Central Bank (ECB) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Central Bank (ECB) provided by the European Union Commission: The European Central Bank was inaugurated on 30 June 1998. On 1 January 1999 it took over responsibility for implementing European monetary [...]...
86. Foreign Central Banks Assets of Foreign Central Banks In relation to the international law practice and Assets of Foreign Central Banks in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Privileges, Immunities About this subject: Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Under this topic, in the [...]...
87. Bollinger v. Central Pennsylvania Quarry Contents Bollinger v. Central Pennsylvania Quarry Stripping and Construction Co. Pennsylvania Supreme Court • Plaintiff was getting paid so defendant ... Read more...
88. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
89. Assets of Foreign Central Banks Assets of Foreign Central Banks in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On July 5, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided the case, NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 652 [...]...
90. Armed Conflict in Central African Republic Armed Conflict: Restoration of Peace and Security in Central African Republic in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Armed Conflict: Restoration of Peace and Security in Central African Republic: See Chapter 17.B.5 for a discussion of UN Security Council [...]...
91. European System of Central Banks European System of Central Banks and the European Union Resources See Also ESCB...
92. Organization of Central American States Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
93. JOSEFINA NAJARRO de SANCHEZ v. BANCO CENTRAL de NICARAGUA Contents JOSEFINA NAJARRO De Sanchez v. Banco Central de Nicaragua United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 770 ... Read more...
94. Muslim Audiences Terrorism Broadcasting in South and Central Asia Muslim Audiences Terrorism Broadcasting In South And Central Asia in 2016 VOA South and Central Asia Division (SCA) has been one of the most active divisions in investigating violent extremism around the world. It covers the area from Syria to Iraq, Turkey, Central Asia, and all of South [...]...
95. Permanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
96. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
97. Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The text of the CAFTA-DR is available at (internet link) [...]...
98. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
99. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
100. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
101. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
102. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
103. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
104. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
105. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
106. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
107. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
108. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
109. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
110. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
111. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
112. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
113. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
114. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
115. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
116. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
117. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
118. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
119. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
120. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...