Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
2. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
3. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
4. Economic Community European Economic Community (EEC) and Europe There is an entry on european economic community (eec) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Economic Community (EEC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from [...]...
5. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
6. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
7. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
8. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
9. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
10. Combined Nomenclature Combined nomenclature (CN) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Combined nomenclature (CN) provided by the European Union Commission: A systematic list of goods descriptions based on the Harmonized System, serving for the purposes of the Common Customs Tariff, external trade [...]...
11. Andean Community Andean Community, organization of South American countries located along the Andes Mountains, whose aim is to facilitate development of member nations through economic and social cooperation. The Andean Community (also known as the Andean Group) was established in 1969 by authority of an [...]...
12. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
13. East African Community East African Community (EAC) The East African Community, abbreviated as EAC, is a regional intergovernmental organisation with its headquarters in Arusha (Tanzania), consisting of the following member countries: Burundi BI Rwanda RW Uganda UG Kenya KE Tanzania TZ The Treaty for [...]...
14. European Political Community European Political Community and Europe There is an entry on european political community in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Political Community" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
15. Defense Community European Defence Community (EDC) and Europe There is an entry on european defence community (edc) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Defence Community (EDC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from [...]...
16. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
17. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
18. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
19. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
20. Pillars of the European Union Pillars of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Pillars of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: In Community parlance people often refer to the three pillars of the EU Treaty. These three pillars, which form the basic structure of [...]...
21. Council of the European Union Council of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Council of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: The Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers" or the "Council") is the Union's main [...]...
22. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
23. Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Community (SADC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern African Development Community (SADC): A regional cooperation organization including Angola, Botswana, [...]...
24. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
25. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
26. Open Market Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
27. Cap Summary of Cap The maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a variable or floating rate loan, irrespective of how high the money market index may fluctuate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) CAP and the European Union Resources See Also Rate (Rate cap) Resources See Also [...]...
28. Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaty of Amsterdam provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaty of Amsterdam is the result of the Intergovernmental Conference launched at the Turin European Council on 29 March 1996. It was adopted at the [...]...
29. Consumer Protection The Legal History of Consumer Protection This section provides an overview of Consumer Protection Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Introduction to Consumer [...]...
30. European Community Member States Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
31. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
32. Nimexe The statistical classification system employed in the Common Customs Tariff (CCT) of the European Economic Community. The CCT is based upon the four-digit Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature; under Nimexe, two suffix digits are provided to permit further subdivision of statistical classificatio......
33. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
34. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
35. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
36. Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970, urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst for the development o......
37. Common Law Partner Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of common law partner, with a description of the most significant features of common law partner at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Spirit Of Common Law And The [...]...
38. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
39. The Community The Community and the European Union Resources See Also European Community...
40. Animal Welfare Animal welfare and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Animal welfare provided by the European Union Commission: The question of animal welfare was first addressed in an additional protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). This "Protocol on protection and welfare [...]...
41. Citizenship of the Union Citizenship of the Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Citizenship of the Union provided by the European Union Commission: Citizenship of the Union is dependent on holding the nationality of one of the Member States. In other words, anyone who is a national of aMember [...]...
42. COREPER Coreper Coreper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Coreper provided by the European Union Commission: Coreper, the French acronym by which the Permanent Representatives Committee is known, consists of the Member States' Ambassadors to the European Union ("Permanent [...]...
43. Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries or Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Great Lakes Countries or [...]...
44. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
45. European Commission Spanish Translation of European Commission This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Commission and the Treaties of the [...]...
46. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
47. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
48. Treaty of Rome Treaty Of Rome Summary of Treaty Of Rome The document, signed at Rome in 1957 (effective January 1, 1958), by which the six founding states established the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details). (Main Author: William J. Miller) The Treaty of [...]...
49. Central African Customs and Economic Union Central African Customs And Economic Union Central African Customs and Economic Union Outline The Central African Customs and Economic Union (CACEU or UDEAC: Union Douanier et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale) The union came into existence in 1966 pursuant to a treaty signed in 1964 by [...]...
50. Treaties Office Treaties Office and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaties Office provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaties Office of DG External Relations of the European Commission, has two main roles: to advice on practice and procedural matters relating to the different [...]...
51. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
52. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
53. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
54. Joint Action Joint action (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Joint action (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: Joint action, which is a legal instrument under Title V of the Treaty on European Union (common foreign and security policy, CFSP), means coordinated action [...]...
55. White Paper White Paper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of White Paper provided by the European Union Commission: Commission White Papers are documents containing proposals for Community action in a specific area. In some cases they follow a Green Paper published to launch a [...]...
56. Buyer's Premium A subsidy offered by a member state of the European Economic Community to domestic tobacco processors to encourage the use of EEC, rather than imported, tobaccos. The program, which is a feature of the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (...
57. Customs Regulation Market Access: Customs Regulation in International Economic Law In international economic law, market access: customs regulation includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Harmonised System and Schedules of Concession Modes of Multilateral Tariff [...]...
58. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
59. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
60. Architecture of Europe Architecture of Europe and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Architecture of Europe provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the various organisations, institutions, treaties and traditional relations making up the European area within which members work [...]...
61. Court of First Instance of the European Union Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) provided by the European Union Commission: The CFI was set up in 1989 to strengthen the protection of individuals' [...]...
62. Foreign Policy COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) provided by the European Union Commission: Coreu is an EU communication network between the Member States and the Commission for cooperation in the fields of [...]...
63. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
64. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
65. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
66. Mutual Recognition Mutual recognition and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual recognition provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law whereby States party to an agreement decide that they will recognise and uphold legal decisions taken by competent authorities [...]...
67. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
68. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
69. Caribbean Community Caribbean Community Outline The Caribbean Community was based on the Treaty of Chaguaramas, signed in 1973. It consists of a number of Caribbean islands, including Antigua, Anguilla, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Dominica, St Vincent-Grenadines, St Lucia, St [...]...
70. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
71. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
72. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
73. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
74. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
75. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
76. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
77. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
78. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
79. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
80. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
81. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
82. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
83. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
84. Economic Community of West African States Economic Community Of West African States Summary of Economic Community Of West African States An organization of sixteen West African states committed to the elimination of trade barriers among the member states and the promotion of economic development in the region. Formed at Lagos, [...]...
85. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
86. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
87. Overland Common Point A geographic point in the nation's interior to which shipments (usually ocean containers) can be made over more than one coast. For example, St. Louis is an overland common point for shipments from Asia inasmuch as it can be reached by shipping containers via the Pacific coast, or through the Pa......
88. Capital Market Liability Capital Market Liability in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to capital market liability on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
89. Report To The Council And Commission On Economic And Monetary Union In The Community A report from 1970. See Werner Report Community.......
90. Community Law Community Law, law of the member states of the European Union (EU), as adopted by the union's Council of Ministers. The European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law. Community law forms part of the law of states and prevails over national law. (1) Community Law and Europe There [...]...
91. Community Literature Review on Corrections Administration: Community In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Danielle S. Rudes and Kimberly Meyer provide the following summary about the topic of Corrections Administration: Community: Traditionally, community corrections [...]...
92. Community Property Community PropertyCommunity Property, in law, possessions held jointly by a married couple. Except for inheritances or gifts to either spouse, all property acquired by the husband or wife during the marriage is usually considered community property. This includes money, real estate, househo......
93. Community Service Community Service, in the penal systems of the United States and the United Kingdom, unpaid work for the community performed by a convicted person by court order as an alternative to prison. Examples of community service include helping children, the elderly, or the disabled. The term may also [...]...
94. Community Acquis Community acquis and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community acquis provided by the European Union Commission: The Community acquis is the body of common rights and obligations which bind all the Member States together within the European Union. It is constantly evolving [...]...
95. Community Competences Community competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community competences provided by the European Union Commission: Community competences are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act [...]...
96. Community Powers Community powers and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community powers provided by the European Union Commission: Community powers are those which are conferred on the European Union in specific areas by the Member States. The European Union is thus able to act only within the [...]...
97. Community Transit Community transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Community transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure that allows goods to be moved from one point in the Community to another. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United [...]...
98. Community Rating Community Rating in Aging Law Concept of Community Rating in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):A method for the determination of health insurance premiums that spreads the risk among members of a large [...]...
99. Community Policing As police services attempt to maintain public confidence, Community Policing has undergone several iterations, with the result that it is no longer possible to clearly define. However 5 features of community policing have been reasonably consistent, Neighbourhood based, Reassurance, [...]...
100. Community Self-governance Community Self-governance in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Community Self-governance is available: Informal social control within neighborhoods where the community exercises control over its members' behaviors in a manner acceptable to most members....
101. Community Organizations Literature Review on Economic Development: Community Organizations In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Herbert J. Rubin offers the following summary about the topic of Economic Development in Community Organizations : To bring about equity in economic [...]...
102. Community Resilience Literature Review on (Emergency Management) Community Resilience In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Christine Gibbs Springer offers the following summary about the topic of (Emergency Management) Community Resilience: A resilient community is one that is [...]...
103. Community Outreach Community Outreach, the Law and other Social Sciences As social institutions, libraries respond to the needs, pressures, and impacts of society. Community outreach is the development and promotion of services offered by information settings. Such services extend beyond physical collections and [...]...
104. Community Engagement Instructional Real World Community Engagement, the Law and other Social Sciences The impact of the instructional real world community engagement upon the learner's cognitive understanding and subject matter attainment is recognized as a viable and integrally important element within the [...]...
105. Community Method Community Method and Europe There is an entry on community method in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Community Method" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
106. Community Reinvestment Community Reinvestment legislation in relation with national Community Lending and Investment Policies This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Community Reinvestment legislation covered in connexion with national Community Lending and Investment Policies and banking / lending [...]...
107. Community Account Description of Community Account In this reference work, community account is a sort of the Banking category. Resources See Also Community Property Banking...
108. Community of Interest Resources See Also Joint venture...
109. Community Charter Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
110. Community Enterprise Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law...
111. Community Participation Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law...
112. Community Relations Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law...
113. Community Resources Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law...
114. Community Forestry Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law...
115. Community Development Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
116. Community Care Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Aged Elder care...
117. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
118. European Atomic Energy Community Summary of European Atomic Energy Community One of the three components of the European Communities, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The entity, known commonly as Euratom, was created by member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (at that time, France, Italy, Federal [...]...
119. European Coal And Steel Community European Coal And Steel Community Summary of European Coal And Steel Community One of three component entities within the European Communities, the coal and steel organization was formed following World War II to permit member states to equalize their access to iron and steel resources. The [...]...
120. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...