Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
2. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
3. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
4. Orientation Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community it is the target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for cattle and calves, i.e., the equilibrium pr......
5. Entry Price Under the common agriculture POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, the price at which certain imported agricultural products enter EEC commerce. If the entry p......
6. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
7. Reference Price A mechanism of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community designed to prevent disruptive import competition for certain vegetables, fruits, f......
8. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
9. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
10. Gate Price The minimum price at which pork, poultry, and eggs werw permitted to enter the European Economic Community under the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) without imposition o......
11. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
12. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
13. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
14. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
15. London Gold Pool An arrangement among certain European central banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designed to maintain stability in the market price of gold in private transactions. The United States had been committed to buy and sell gold in official transactions at thirty-five dollars per ounce; a priv......
16. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
17. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
18. Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970, urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst for the development o......
19. Business Forecasting Services Business Forecasting Services If cyclic movements of prices in commodities, securities and money actually occur, as explained under the term ... Read more...
20. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
21. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
22. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
23. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
24. Forward Margin In foreign exchange transactions, the difference between the current, or "spot," price for a given currency and the price at some future date. If the "futures" price, that quoted by sellers of contracts for future purchase of that currency, is higher than the spot price, the subj......
25. Basis Summary of Basis As used in commodities trading, either: 1) the difference between the spot price and the futures price, or 2) the difference between the cash market price at a given geographic point and the cash market price at a current delivery point, i.e., a point where there is active [...]...
26. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
27. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
28. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
29. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
30. Consumer Price Index Summary of Consumer Price Index An index of the retail price of four hundred consumer products and services, computed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Formerly known as the Cost of Living Index, the compilation includes retail price inputs of given items from many cities across [...]...
31. Snake A medium for the stabilization of the exchange rates of European currencies. In October 1970 the Werner Plan addressed the adoption of a common European currency as a vehicle for the full economic and political integration of Europe. The demise of the bretton woods agreement (...
32. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
33. Variable Import Levy A duty applicable to imports of certain significant agricultural commodities into the European Economic Community. The Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details). of the EEC specif......
34. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
35. Economic Community European Economic Community (EEC) and Europe There is an entry on european economic community (eec) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Economic Community (EEC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from [...]...
36. Business Plan International Business Plan Meaning of International Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Planning is essential for any business. Before venturing into international markets companies have to draft an International Business Plan as this [...]...
37. Brussels Definition Of Value A system for the valuation of imports for the application of ad valorem duties, adopted in 1953 following attempts to establish a European customs union. The European Customs Union Study Group submitted to the contracting states the Convention on the Valuation of Goods for Customs Purposes, along w......
38. American Bureau Of Shipping American Bureau Of Shipping Summary of American Bureau Of Shipping A nonprofit corporation founded in 1862 for the purpose of certifying the soundness and seaworthiness of vessels and other maritime engineering structures. The ABS, along with other recognized classification societies, [...]...
39. Ethnocentric Pricing The policy of a firm to offer its products at the same price abroad as in the home market, irrespective of price sensitivity or other factors of the foreign market.......
40. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
41. Spot Price The price of a commodity in the Spot Market (read this and related legal terms for further details), i.e., the price quoted for immediate sale and delivery. ......
42. World Price The price at which a given commodity is selling internationally under market conditions in effect at the time of sale. To provide a valid comparison between prices, the world price quoted must normally include quality, location, and perhaps other factors, depending upon the commodity.......
43. European Atomic Energy Community Summary of European Atomic Energy Community One of the three components of the European Communities, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The entity, known commonly as Euratom, was created by member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (at that time, France, Italy, Federal [...]...
44. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
45. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
46. Price Cartel An agreement among business entities to fix prices, to establish ranges within which prices may move, or to establish methods by which prices may be determined.......
47. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
48. Agio A premium paid in the process of exchanging one currency for another, or for a bill of exchange denominated in a foreign currency.......
49. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
50. Bargain Purchase Option A provision of a lease agreement that permits the lessee to purchase the leased asset at a price expected to be below fair market value.......
51. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
52. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
53. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
54. Dumping Margin In those instances where a product has been dumped, that is, sold abroad at a price below the fair market value in the country of origin, the dumping margin is the difference between the home market price and the price at which the goods are sold abroad less incidental charges, such as export [...]...
55. Dry-Docking Clause A provision common to many time charter contracts that stipulates that the vessel shall be docked and its bottom cleaned and painted at such times as the master and charterer shall deem appropriate, but in no case less frequently than every nine months. During the period when the vessel is in dry-do......
56. Equilibrium Relative Price Of Currencies Synonymous with rate of exchange, i.e., the price, in terms of one national currency, at which another currency can be purchased under market conditions.......
57. European Patent System A series of agreements among European states, the object of which is harmonized patent laws and regulations. The system includes the following agreements: European Patent Convention, also known as the Munich Patent Convention, and the Convention on Granting of European Patents, provides patent prot......
58. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
59. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
60. Two-Tier Gold Mart A system under which gold is traded at two distinct prices. A fixed price is set for transactions among governments, while a market price (subject to the supply and demand mechanism) is established for public-sector transactions. This system was reestablished in the United States in 1968. In those c......
61. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
62. Address Commission A commission payable to a third party arising from a contract to charter a ship. Commonly known as ADCOM, this is not a brokerage fee but an additional commission paid by the vessel to any third party named by the charterer. An adcom is usually expressed as a percentage of the charter hire of the ve......
63. European Communities Summary of European Communities The name for the collective institution that embraces the European Economic Community, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Coal And Steel Community (qq.v.). Each of the three entities was established by separate convention, the earliest of [...]...
64. International Tin Council International Tin Council Outline The International Tin Agreement was made for the purpose of stabilising the price of tin on the world markets. The first agreement was made in 1953 and came into operation in 1956. This agreement expired in 1961. It was followed by five agreements between 19......
65. Schuman Plan Summary of Schuman Plan A series of proposals for the pooling of European coal and steel resources as a vehicle for European economic recovery and integration, advanced by Robert Schuman of France in 1950. Schuman's plan was accepted by the governments of Belgium, Luxembourg, the [...]...
66. Buffer Stocks Buffer Stocks and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Buffer Stocks: Commodity stocks managed by countries or international organizations to moderate market price fluctuations. When prices rise [...]...
67. EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement Contents Title of Treaty Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement between the European Community ... Read more...
68. Bilateral Agreement In general, any treaty, protocol, or understanding between two nations. The term has particular application in the area of commercial air transportation, where a bilateral agreement is an understanding between two countries permitting the commercial aircraft of one nation to land in and carry [...]...
69. Reinsurance An arrangement in which an insurance underwriter contractually spreads its policy risks with other underwriters, sharing the premium with them. For example, an underwriter may issue a policy for fifty million dollars to cover the loss of a ship; being unwilling to assume the full risk of loss, [...]...
70. Deficiency Payment A payment to agricultural producers reflecting the difference between the actual market price for a commodity and the higher, governmentally guaranteed price.......
71. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
72. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
73. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
74. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
75. Business Twenty Business Twenty (B-20) This section provides an overview of business twenty (b-20) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Kathrin Betz, "Business Twenty (B-20)," Elgar Encyclopedia of [...]...
76. Destination Clause A provision in a contract for the purchase of a commodity specifying the countries to which the product may be shipped, thereby preventing sale in the world market which would affect the spot price. This type of arrangement is common in the petroleum industry.......
77. Standstill Agreements An arrangement between the United States and the European Economic Community emerging at the end of the Dillon Round in 1961 concerning certain agricultural commodities. In essence, status quo was maintained on U.S. exports of wheat, corn, rice, poultry, and sorghum grain pending further negotiation......
78. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
79. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
80. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
81. Off-Charter The termination of a vessel charter agreement, freeing the vessel to pursue other cargoes. Off-charter should not be confused with off-hire, in which the payment of hire is suspended for some reason, but the contract remains in force.......
82. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
83. Premium (Insurance) The compensation paid to an insurance underwriter in return for the assumption of an agreed risk, as evidenced by issuance of a policy.......
84. Sale At Less Than Fair Value The sale of merchandise to a foreign purchaser at a price below the price that would be charged for a like sale in the home market. Such sales may serve as the basis for an allegation of Dumping (read this and related legal ......
85. Spot In foreign exchange and commodities markets, the current price for a given commodity or currency; the spot price is contrasted with the futures price, which is the price that is offered for delivery at some specified time in the future.......
86. Brokerage Agreement Brokerage Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Brokerage Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type or contract, whereby a person or company acts as a sales agent on behalf of the exporting company (principal), introducing its products to [...]...
87. Business Services This section provides an overview of business services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Dale Honeck, "Business Services," Elgar [...]...
88. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Summary of Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Commonly known by the acronyn ASEAN, a regional cooperation association concerned with the promotion of economic development and trade among the member states. The group was founded at Bangkok in 1967 [...]...
89. Canceling Date The date specified in a charter party by which the vessel must be ready to load; if the vessel is not ready at the specified time, the charterer may exercise his option of rescinding the agreement.......
90. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
91. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
92. Amazon eBook Contracts Contents Amazon eBook Contracts European Union antitrust investigation into the Amazon’s eBook Business The European Commission opened in 2015 a ... Read more...
93. Costing Agreement An arrangement among firms in a given line of business to exchange information on production costs or to employ uniform methods of accounting. The object of the arrangement is to standardize costing practices within the industry, thereby eliminating or minimizing price competition. Agreements to exc......
94. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
95. Premium Spanish Translation of premiumThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to premium and / or a definition of this topic: Prima (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
96. Earned Premium Spanish Translation of earned premiumThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to earned premium and / or a definition of this topic: Prima Devengada (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
97. Initial Premium Spanish Translation of initial premiumThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to initial premium and / or a definition of this topic: Prima Inicial (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
98. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
99. War Risk Insurance Premium Claims Embracing mainstream international law, this section on war risk insurance premium claims explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "war risk insurance premium claims" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
100. Single-premium Deferred Annuity Description of Single-premium Deferred Annuity Resources See Also Annuities...
101. Bumper Development Corp., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others Hello Hello Contents Bumper Development Corp., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others (Union of India and ... Read more...
102. Bank For International Settlements Bank For International Settlements Summary of Bank For International Settlements An international bank owned and controlled by the central banks of twenty-four European and five non-European central banks. The BIS was formed at the Hague Conference of 1930 in response to pressures for the [...]...
103. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
104. Basel Agreement An agreement, concluded April 24, 1972, among members of the European Economic Community for the purpose of narrowing the margins of fluctuation among community currencies. Participants in the agreement were Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands. The agreement served as th......
105. Benelux Benelux Summary of Benelux An acronym for Belgium-Nether- lands-Luxembourg. Following World War II, the three nations formed a customs union with long- range objectives of establishing a single monetary and fiscal system. The localized objectives of the three Benelux countries were [...]...
106. Bilateral Central Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
107. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
108. Bilateral Parities The European Monetary System is considered here.......
109. Boycottage Sanction In Europe, a boycott directed against a member of a trade combination as a penalty for departing from the combination's rules or otherwise failing to perform; it is regarded as lawful.......
110. British Dependent Territories Those overseas possessions of Great Britain that have been associated with the European Communities as part of Britain's entry into the communities. Basically, the term applies to all overseas possessions of Britain other than Gibraltar and Hong Kong.......
111. Buffer Stock Summary of Buffer Stock A commodity stockpile controlled by one or more nations for the purpose of stabilizing world prices of that particular commodity. The commodity is released into the market as world prices increase and is purchased for the stockpile as prices decline. The [...]...
112. Building Used as a noun, a vessel. The term is used in conjunction with vessels under construction or already afloat; a newly launched vessel is said to be a new building.......
113. Bulk Stowage The transport of a commodity loose, without packaging, inside a conveyance.......
114. Bull Rings Metal rings recessed into the floor of a container or trailer to permit lashing of cargo.......
115. Bulldog Bonds Sterling-denominated debt obligations issued by entities outside the United Kingdom.......
116. Bullet Payment Also known as a balloon payment, a large payment made at the end of an installment loan. In many cases, a bullet payment represents the repayment of principal at the end of an interest-only loan.......
117. Bullion Value The market value of the metal in a coin, as contrasted with the denominational value of the coin as money.......
118. Bunching The condition that arises when the number of cars supplied by a railroad exceeds track capacity.......
119. Bundled Pricing An arrangement between buyer and seller in which the purchase price for certain goods also includes other goods or services, such as the right to use patents, technical assistance, replacement parts under a warranty, et cetera.......
120. Bunker The fuel oil burned by a ship.......