Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Marketing Agreement Orderly Marketing Agreement (OMA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Orderly Marketing Agreement (OMA): A contractual agreement between two or more governments to restrain [...]...
2. Offer List A list of products, usually prepared in conjunction with multilateral trade negotiations, upon which a nation is prepared to negotiate trade liberalization; the list may also identify products that are to be specifically exempted from discussion.......
3. Customs Value Customs Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Value: A method of valuing imported goods which excludes shipping costs from the final price....
4. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
5. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
6. Computed Value Computed Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Computed Value: (Not to be confused with constructed value.) An alternative method permitted by the Customs Valuation [...]...
7. Specific Limitations on Trade Specific Limitations on Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Specific Limitations on Trade: Measures that limit imports or exports of a product during a specified [...]...
8. Customs Classification Customs Classification and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Classification: The determination of the appropriate category in which a traded product is classified for [...]...
9. Customs Harmonization Customs Harmonization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Harmonization: Intemational efforts to increase the uniformity of customs procedures such as valuation, [...]...
10. Preferences Preferences and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Preferences: Special trade advantages granted by an importing country to certain trading partners, in contrast to [...]...
11. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
12. Voluntary Restraint Agreement Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA): An arrangement by which an exporting country takes steps [...]...
13. Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
14. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
15. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
16. Transition Transition and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Transition: A term referring to the period of time during which provisions of a trade agreement will be implemented [...]...
17. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
18. State Trading Nations State Trading Nations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Nations: Countries that rely on government entities instead of private corporations to conduct their [...]...
19. Trade War Introduction to Trade War Trade War, economic tug-of-war between nations in which each side tries to limit the other's exports while flooding the other's market with its own goods." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "http://lawi......
20. Multilateral Steel Agreement Multilateral Steel Agreement (MSA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multilateral Steel Agreement (MSA): A proposed agreement that would phase out tariffs, eliminate [...]...
21. Sensitive Products Sensitive Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sensitive Products: Goods produced by a domestic industry employing large numbers of workers, for which the costs of [...]...
22. Conventional Duty A customs duty, or rate of duty, arising out of a treaty or other international agreement, as contrasted with an autonomous duty unilaterally imposed by a government absent of any international agreement.......
23. User Fee User Fee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of User Fee: A fee for a service --such as the provision of customs operations by the government of the importing country [...]...
24. Enabling Clause Enabling Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enabling Clause: Pan of the 1979 Framework Agreement providing a legal basis in GATT for industrial countries to grant [...]...
25. Protocol of Accession Protocol of Accession and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Accession: A legal document that recognizes the rights and obligations agreed to as a consequence of a [...]...
26. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
27. Deductive Value Deductive Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Deductive Value: An alternative method of valuing imported merchandise for customs purposes, permitted under the Customs [...]...
28. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
29. Grandfather Clause Grandfather Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Grandfather Clause: A provision in the GATT and other trade agreements permitting signatories to retain domestic [...]...
30. Rebalancing Rebalancing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rebalancing: A term used in GATT agriculture negotiations, referring to the ability to shift import protection from one [...]...
31. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
32. Green Box Green Box and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Box: A term used in the context of GA TT negotiations on agriculture and on export subsidiesto refer to a category of [...]...
33. Call Call and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Call: A request by an importing country for consultations with an exporting country concerning products whose shipments during a [...]...
34. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Undertaking: An agreement by an exporting firm with the government of an " importing country to raise the [...]...
35. Madrid Union Madrid Union and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Madrid Union: Formal name is the Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods. [...]...
36. Tariff Rates Column 2 Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Column 2 Rates: US tariff rates assessed on imports from countries not receiving most- favored-nationtreatment. Most [...]...
37. Customs Procedures Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: Formalities applying to customs clearance of [...]...
38. Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
39. Non-Paper Non-Paper Non-Paper and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Non-Paper: In GATT parlance, a proposed agreement or negotiating text circulated informally among delegations for [...]...
40. Circumvention Circumvention and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Circumvention: Measures taken by exporting companies to forestall or evade the payment of penalty charges in an importing [...]...
41. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
42. Demarche Demarche and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Demarche: A formal diplomatic communication of a country's position on an issue, presented to an official representative of [...]...
43. Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
44. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
45. Framework Agreement Framework Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Agreement: A package of agreements negotiated during the Tokyo Round, dealing with (a) differential and [...]...
46. Economic Summit Economic Summit and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Economic Summit: Although the term can be used more generally, its most prominent use is in referring to the annual [...]...
47. Concession Summary of Concession An undertaking by one nation to reduce a tariff rate, increase a quota, or otherwise relieve an economic impediment to trade, usually in response to like concessions from trading partners. In addition to such reciprocal concessions, a nation may offer special duty [...]...
48. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
49. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
50. Suspension Agreement Suspension Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Suspension Agreement: A legal agreement between an exporting firm and the government of an importing country [...]...
51. Duty Remission Duty Remission and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Duty Remission: A system allowing a firm to import goods into a country for processing and, when exported to a third [...]...
52. Rectifications Rectifications and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rectifications: Changes made in a country's schedule of GATT concessions, usually .involving correction of errors but [...]...
53. Trade-Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Designation for a Uruguay Round "' [...]...
54. Mixed Credits Mixed Credits and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Mixed Credits: Exceptionally liberal financing terms for an export sale. Ostensibly provided for foreign aid purposes, [...]...
55. Functioning of the GATT System Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS): Designation for a negotiating group in the Uruguay Round [...]...
56. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
57. Contracting Party Contracting Party and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Contracting Party provided by the European Union Commission: A contracting party is a State or an Intergovernmental Organisation or other entity with treaty making capacity that has expressed its consent to be bound by a [...]...
58. Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
59. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
60. Related Specificity A rule of customs law that when two or more tariff provisions might be applied to an item, the one that most specifically describes the article shall be applied.......
61. Downstream Dumping Downstream Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Downstream Dumping: Sales at below cost in a firm's home country to a "downstream producer," which [...]...
62. Working Party Working Party and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Working Party: An ad hoc subgroup established by the GATT Council to address a specific trade policy issue, such as a [...]...
63. Track Track I and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Track I: Designation for consolidated negotiating activities in the final phase of the Uruguay Roundconcerning market access in goods....
64. Plurilateral Plurilateral and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Plurilateral: In GATT parlance, refers to a consultation or negotiating session involving more than two countries [...]...
65. Administrative Review Administrative Review and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Administrative Review: In unfair trade cases, a mechanism for parties to a case to appeal a ruling on [...]...
66. Marks of Origin Marks of Origin and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Marks of Origin: Physical markings indicating where an article was produced, as required by most countries' customs [...]...
67. Snapback Snapback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Snapback: Provisions in a trade agreement that allow a signatory to temporarily rescind concessions under specified [...]...
68. De Facto Membership De Facto Member of GATT and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of De Facto Member of GATT: A former dependency of a GATT member that since attaining independence has applied the [...]...
69. GATT Codes GATT Codes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Codes: Agreements negotiated under GATT auspices to remove or lessen the trade-distorting effects of nontariff measures [...]...
70. State Trading Enterprises State Trading Enterprises and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Enterprises: Entities established by governments to import, export, or produce certain products. [...]...
71. Forum Shopping Forum Shopping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Forum Shopping: Refers to the ability of countries to take advantage of differing procedures fordispute settlement under [...]...
72. Geneva Rounds Geneva Rounds and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Geneva Rounds: The first and fourth GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in Geneva, Switzerland. The [...]...
73. Annecy Round Annecy Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Annecy Round: The second GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in...
74. Boycott Compliance Boycott Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Complexity Anti-boycott Laws Suggestions for compliance Assessment of the problem The company policy Procedures Recommendations for audit procedures Compliance techniques Examples of boycott requests [...]...
75. Boycott Procedure In the United States For information about Boycott procedure in the context of international trade, click here...
76. International Boycott Factor An element of Section 999 of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with income derived in support of an international boycott. U.S. policy generally opposes international economic boycotts against friendly nations, and income derived by U.S. firms in furtherance of such boycotts receives adverse tax tre......
77. Arab Boycott An economic boycott of Israel proclaimed in December 1945 by the Arab League to hamper "Jewish industry in Palestine." The boycott came to include not only Israeli firms and products, but firms having economic ties with Israel. A so-called blacklist of such firms was prepared by the [...]...
78. Central Boycott Office An agency of the Arab League established in 1951 to orchestrate the ARAB BOYCOTT (read this and related legal terms for further details) of Israeli industry. The CBO has its headquarters in Damascus, Syria, with offices ......
79. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
80. Blockade Summary of Blockade An interdiction of maritime traffic to and/or from a given port or nation by the naval forces of another nation. Blockades usually arise out of declared war or other belligerent condition between the country whose area is blockaded and the country whose forces have [...]...
81. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
82. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
83. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
84. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
85. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
86. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
87. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
88. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
89. Compensation Summary of Compensation Trade concessions granted by one nation to another in recompense for other trade concessions that have been withdrawn or suspended.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Forms of Criminal Punishment: Compensation Introduction to Compensation Certain punishments [...]...
90. Country of Origin For customs tariff purposes, the country in which an imported product was manufactured, grown, or produced. When goods pass through more than one country in the process of manufacture, the country of origin does not change unless the product has been transformed substantially; minor [...]...
91. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
92. Customs Valuation For importers, the process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee...
93. Harmonized System Known formally as the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.. a product statistical classification system based upon the Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature (CCCN) and designed to replace various statistical classification schemes now employed by various trading nations....
94. Least Developed Countries Summary of Least Developed Countries Those nations suffering the most severe economic and development problems, and requiring substantial and ongoing economic assistance. As a general rule, they are nations with a literacy rate of less than 20 percent and per capita income below two hundred [...]...
95. Reciprocity Summary of Reciprocity Bilateral reduction of trade barriers; each nation reduces its barriers in return for similar concessions by the other nation. Reciprocity is an official policy of the United States, originated by the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934.(Main Author: William J. [...]...
96. Third World Summary of Third World That group of less developed and developing nations not included in the political camps of either the Western industrialized states or the communist bloc. Most nations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia fall into this category. The term is commonly applied to nations [...]...
97. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
98. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
99. Boundaries Boundaries as an U.S. State Statute Topic This term is one of the topics in some U.S. State Statutes. Other topics of the World Encyclopedia of Law which are topics of some State Statures are: Licensed Public Accountants (State statute topic) Guardians Ad Litem (State statute topic) [...]...
100. Consensus The Legal History of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) This section provides an overview of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) Consensus in Election Law Method of decision making in which all stakeholders participate and attempt to align their positions. Consensus is not unanimity on a decision but rather [...]...
101. Country List of Countries and Jurisdictions United States of America Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and [...]...
102. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
103. Absorption Summary of Absorption The performance by a common carrier of special services not provided for in the tariff or included in the freight paid; among such services may be switching, wharfage, or redelivery of merchandise. The performance and/or acceptance of such services may constitute an [...]...
104. ACP Countries Acp Countries Summary of Acp Countries An acronym for African- Caribbean-Pacific countries. The term originated in conjunction with the LOME CONVENTIONS (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) [...]...
105. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
106. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
107. Bonded Warehouse Summary of Bonded Warehouse A warehouse storage area, or manufacturing facility in which imported merchandise may be stored or processed without payment of customs duties. Such premises are operated by a warehouse proprietor who holds a license from the U. S. Customs Service. Bonded [...]...
108. Border Tax Adjustments A refund or rebate of indirect taxes on merchandise, such as sales or value added taxes, when the goods are exported. Such rebates are authorized under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ("https://lawin.org/General-Agreement-on-Tariffs-and-Trade/">read about the GATT [...]...
109. Cabotage Summary of Cabotage Literally, coastwise navigation, generally used to denote the proscription of foreign flag vessels in a nation's coastwise trade. Since an act of Congress in 1817 (2 Stat. 351), the coastwise trade of the United States has been reserved exclusively to American [...]...
110. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
111. Codex Alimentarius A document published by the Codex Alimentarius Commission establishing international standards for raw and processed food products. The commission was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization in conjunction with the World Health Organization. Member states of either the FAO [...]...
112. Conference Summary of Conference An association of steamship lines operating over a specific trade route, formed for the purpose of setting freight rates and service standards to be applied uniformly by all the member carriers. The Shipping Act of 1916 empowers the Federal Maritime Commission to [...]...
113. Confrontation and Justification A mechanism employed during multinational trade negotiations to define the positions of the various national delegations. Typically, each participating nation submits to its trading partners a statement of views, proposed tariff cuts, et cetera. During a series of meetings each nation is [...]...
114. Consolidation Summary of Consolidation The combination of various small shipments into one large shipment so as to achieve a lower overall freight rate.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consolidation of Results in Election Law A process of bringing together election results from a number of [...]...
115. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna Known commonly by the acronym CITES, a multilateral agreement to suppress international trade in endangered species of wildlife and plants. The convention was signed at Washington in 1973; in 1984, sixty-nine nations were signatories. Adherents to the convention pledge to interdict the [...]...
116. Customs Territory The geographical area of a country, its possessions, and surrounding waters within which the customs authority is empowered to impose duties and controls upon foreign merchandise entering therein. The customs territory need not necessarily incorporate all the territory over which a nation [...]...
117. Drawback A feature of U.S. customs law that permits an American exporter to recover duties paid on foreign components or raw materials later fabricated into American products and exported. Upon exportation of the manufactured article a recovery or drawback, equal to 99 percent of the duties paid on the [...]...
118. Dual Pricing The sale of an identical product at different prices in different markets.......
119. Dumping Margin In those instances where a product has been dumped, that is, sold abroad at a price below the fair market value in the country of origin, the dumping margin is the difference between the home market price and the price at which the goods are sold abroad less incidental charges, such as export [...]...
120. Dutiable Status A determination made by customs authorities, in accordance with the laws of the importing nation, as to whether a given imported article is subject to duty, and if so, at what rate. The dutiable status is determined by classifying the merchandise, i.e., determining into which category the [...]...