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1. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
2. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
3. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
4. Buyer's Premium A subsidy offered by a member state of the European Economic Community to domestic tobacco processors to encourage the use of EEC, rather than imported, tobaccos. The program, which is a feature of the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (...
5. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
6. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
7. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
8. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
9. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
10. Variable Import Levy A duty applicable to imports of certain significant agricultural commodities into the European Economic Community. The Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details). of the EEC specif......
11. Sale At Less Than Fair Value The sale of merchandise to a foreign purchaser at a price below the price that would be charged for a like sale in the home market. Such sales may serve as the basis for an allegation of Dumping (read this and related legal ......
12. Monetary Compensatory Amounts Settlements between member states of the European Economic Community to reflect the market rate of currencies used in agricultural transactions and the periodically revised Green Rate (read this and related legal terms for f......
13. Visby Amendment A proposed revision to the Hague Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1924 on the liability of ocean carriers for loss and damage to cargo. The Visby Amendment does not contemplate materia......
14. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
15. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
16. Findley Amendment An amendment to the AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSIST-ANCE ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1954 (P.L. 480) that precludes sales of agricultural produce under Title I of the act to a......
17. Section 204 A provision of the Agricultural Act of 1956 authorizing the president to negotiate bilateral agreements to limit exports to the United States of "any agricultural commodity or product manufactured therefrom or textiles or textile products." The president is also empowered to take steps to ......
18. Ocean Freight Differential A sum rep resenting the difference in freight costs associated with moving subsidized agricultural exports on American rather than cheaper foreign vessels. The differential is provided for shipments under the Agricultural Trade Development And Assistance Act (...
19. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
20. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
21. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
22. Cooley Loans Foreign-currency-denominated loans by the U.S. government to foreign nations to permit the purchase of American agricultural commodities. The loans are authorized by an amendment to the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (...
23. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
24. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
25. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
26. Sliding Scale Tariff A customs tariff in which rates of DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details) vary according to the price of a given import. Usually, as the price of the item declines, the duty is reduced. Duties may b......
27. Tramp A vessel that offers nonscheduled service between such ports as afford cargoes of opportunity. Unlike a Liner (read this and related legal terms for further details), a tramp seeks to acquire a full load from one shipper......
28. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
29. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
30. Green Clause A provision in a letter OF CREDIT (read this and related legal terms for further details) similar to a RED CLAUSE (read this and related legal t......
31. International Reserves Gold, hard currencies, and special drawing rights (read this and related legal terms for further details) issued by the international monetary fund (...
32. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
33. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
34. Safeguard Measures Actions taken by a nation to protect its domestic industry and commerce from what it views as unfair or improper practices by a trading partner. For example, a trading partner's use of improper subsidies designed to artificially stimulate exports might result in such safeguard measures as the im......
35. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
36. Berth No Berth A stipulation that may be included in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) providing that if the point of loading or discharge is a berth, and if the berth is not immediately ava......
37. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
38. Switching Also known as switch trading, a Countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) arrangement under which a purchaser in one country assigns to a seller in another country an obligation due from a thir......
39. Less Than Fair Value An export sale price below that charged on like sales in the country of origin. Such sales are usually regarded as dumping (read this and related legal terms for further details), which may result in the imposition by th......
40. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
41. Pivot Charge The minimum charge imposed by an air carrier for the use of a Unit Load Device (read this and related legal terms for further details), or air container. The charge is based upon a Pivot Weight (...
42. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
43. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
44. Collective Reserve Unit An artificial currency unit proposed in 1965 by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. The cru, as it was known, was to have been linked to gold to create international reserves. The GROUP OF ten (read this and relat......
45. Ab Quai Synonymous with AB KAI (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
46. Coastwise Option A provision of the carriage OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (read this and related legal terms for further details) (COGSA) which permits COGSA to be incorporated into bills of lading covering shipments in the domestic maritime comm......
47. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
48. Quantitative Restriction A limitation on the quantity of a given commodity that may be imported into a country during a specified period of time. A quantitative restriction is manifested as a Quota ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for further [...]...
49. Berth A stipulation in a vessel charter party (read this and related legal terms for further details) that laytime ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms ......
50. Reconstitution A regulation of the International Monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details) relating to the use of Special Drawing Rights (...
51. Arm's Length Transaction An economic transaction between unaffiliated parties undertaken as a product of commercial negotiation or market forces. Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes the Internal Revenue Service to reallocate income to a domestic corporation when transactions with a controlled affiliate are u......
52. Arm's-length Description of Arm's-length Resources See Also Arm-In-Arm Contracts Fraud...
53. Channel Length The length of a channel of distribution, as evidenced by the number of distributors, dealers, or other intermediaries involved in moving the product from the manufacturer to the final user or consumer. Typically, the channel length will be shorter for heavy industrial goods than for low-priced or co......
54. Arm's Length Pricing Arm's Length Pricing and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arm's Length Pricing: The price at which a particular product or service would sell in a transaction between unrelated buyers [...]...
55. Arms Licensing Arms Licensing and the Laws of International Trade Licensing requirements Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Types of licenses and forms Temporary export license Temporary import license Permanent export license Filing licenses and shipping [...]...
56. Arms Licensing Exemptions Terminox and the Laws of International Trade Selected hardware exemptions Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security General hardware exemptions In transit exemption Firearms exemptions Defense services exemptions Training in basic operations and [...]...
57. At Arm's Length Resources See Also Arm's length transaction...
58. American Selling Price A method formerly employed in the United States to establish the value for duty of a limited number of imported products. Under the ASP scheme, an imported product's value for duty was based upon the selling price of like products manufactured in the United States, irrespective of the price the ......
59. Arms In the United States For information about Arms in the context of international trade, click here International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Resources See Also Use Of Force Arms Control Disarmament Nonproliferation Resources See Also [...]...
60. Arms Control Functions of the UN: Maintenance of International Peace and Security Arms Control Introduction to Arms Control The UN charter authorizes the Security Council to plan for worldwide disarmament and arms control. To help achieve those goals, the UN has sponsored arms control negotiations in [...]...
61. Arms Embargoes Arms Embargoes in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): See information on Nationality, Citizenship and Immigration in this legal Encyclopedia6. In relation to the international law practice and Arms [...]...
62. Arms Nonproliferation Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation: On June 19, 2013, President Obama announced the U.S. intention to pursue additional reductions in U.S. and Russian deployed [...]...
63. Arms Limitation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on arms limitation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arms control, limitation" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
64. Arms Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
65. International Traffic In Arms Regulations Known commonly by the acronym ITAR, a body of Federal regulations designed to restrain, regulate, and control the manufacture, exportation, and importation of military equipment and weapons. The regulations which derive their authority primarily from which the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (22 U.S......
66. Arms Export Control Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Arms Export Control in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
67. Arms Trade Treaty Arms Trade Treaty in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In 2009, Secretary Clinton announced U.S. support for negotiation of an Arms Trade Treaty to establish common international standards for the [...]...
68. Arms Control Issues Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation: Coinciding with President Obama's speech in Berlin, the White House released a fact sheet on the nuclear [...]...
69. Length Length in Words in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: Here we want to know the absolute number of words in the constitutional document. We imagine that this can be done by using the Word Count feature in the Tools menue of Microsoft word. For those constitutions not [...]...
70. Adjusted Cif Price A factor in determining the variable import levy imposed by the European Economic Community on grain imports. The adjusted C.I.F. (cost, insurance, and freight) price is derived by assigning a quality factor to grain imported from non-EEC countries so as to put the import on a quality basis comparab......
71. Cash Price The same as SPOT price (read this and related legal terms for further details), as used in grain transactions.......
72. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
73. Price Cartel An agreement among business entities to fix prices, to establish ranges within which prices may move, or to establish methods by which prices may be determined.......
74. Price Supports A program of governmental action designed to stabilize or lift the price that producers receive for their products. These actions may include direct cash payments, government purchase of output to force up market prices, or special financing. Such supports are most commonly applied to agriculture.......
75. Spot Price The price of a commodity in the Spot Market (read this and related legal terms for further details), i.e., the price quoted for immediate sale and delivery. ......
76. World Price The price at which a given commodity is selling internationally under market conditions in effect at the time of sale. To provide a valid comparison between prices, the world price quoted must normally include quality, location, and perhaps other factors, depending upon the commodity.......
77. Term Length Term Length in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This is the length of time in years a government official serves....
78. Commodity Price Index An index of prices for a stipulated list of commodities. Prices may be on a spot or futures basis. Customarily, major commodities are traded on exchanges (although there are some exceptions), and price fluctuations can be monitored accordingly. The U.S. Department of Labor maintains an index of twen......
79. Consumer Price Index Summary of Consumer Price Index An index of the retail price of four hundred consumer products and services, computed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Formerly known as the Cost of Living Index, the compilation includes retail price inputs of given items from many cities across [...]...
80. Equilibrium Relative Price Of Currencies Synonymous with rate of exchange, i.e., the price, in terms of one national currency, at which another currency can be purchased under market conditions.......
81. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
82. International Price Index A price index that serves as a standard to measure inflation in industrialized countries. The index consists of the C.I.F. value (in U.S. dollars) of exports of industrial country manufactures to developing countries.......
83. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
84. Uniform Delivered Price A single delivered price that is offered to all customers within a defined geographic area, irrespective of the actual cost of delivering the merchandise.......
85. Arms Control Conventions Contents Arms Control international Conventions Rules of Warfare, Arms Control multilateral conventions Instructions for the Government of Armies of the ... Read more...
86. Trafic in Arms Requirements Terminox and the Laws of International Trade Payments subject to the reporting requirements: Political contributions Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Fees or commissions Payments by vendors Reporting requirements for political contributions & [...]...
87. Illegal Arms Transfers Contents Illegal Arms Transfers Programme of Action on small arms and its International Tracing Instrument Under the Programme of Action ... Read more...
88. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
89. Entry Price Under the common agriculture POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, the price at which certain imported agricultural products enter EEC commerce. If the entry p......
90. Exercise Price The price at which the holder of an option contract may buy or sell a specified quantity of a given commodity, security, or currency.......
91. Gate Price The minimum price at which pork, poultry, and eggs werw permitted to enter the European Economic Community under the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) without imposition o......
92. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
93. Indicative Price Also known as the norm price, the Target Price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for producers of olive oil under the common agricultural policy (...
94. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
95. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
96. Orientation Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community it is the target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for cattle and calves, i.e., the equilibrium pr......
97. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
98. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
99. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
100. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
101. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
102. Agricultural Price Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
103. Administered Price Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
104. Minimum Import Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, Gate price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
105. Resale Price Method Synonymous with Arm's Length Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
106. Allowance for Differences of Price Spanish Translation of allowance for differences of priceThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to allowance for differences of price and / or a definition of this topic: Prelevement (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
107. Law of Arms Description of Law of Arms Resources See Also Weapons...
108. Right to Bear Arms The Legal History of Right to Bear ArmsThis section provides an overview of Right to Bear Arms ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Right to Bear Arms in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) [...]...
109. Coat of Arms Resources See Also Insignia...
110. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Introduction to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), negotiations that began in November 1969 between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the regulation of the nuclear arms competition between the two nations. A wide range [...]...
111. International Trafic in Arms In the United States For information about International Trafic in Arms in the context of international trade, click here...
112. National Arms and Flags Embracing mainstream international law, this section on national arms and flags explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arms and flags, national" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
113. Seabed Arms Control Treaty Embracing mainstream international law, this section on seabed arms control treaty explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "seabed arms control treaty" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
114. Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Embracing mainstream international law, this section on strategic arms reduction talks explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "strategic arms reduction talks" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
115. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Accords Introduction to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks AccordsThe negotiations known as SALT I began in November 1969 and ended in January 1972, with agreement on two documents: the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. ......
116. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Background Introduction to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks BackgroundThe United States first approached the USSR in 1964 to suggest bilateral arms-control talks. At that time the United States had a clear superiority in nuclear arms, but there were indications that the USSR was developing weapons that......
117. Use of Force, Arms Control, Disarmament, Nonproliferation Use of Force, Arms Control, Disarmament, Nonproliferation in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In August 2011, the State Department released the unclassified version of its report to Congress on [...]...
118. Price Base Price or Basic Price and International Trade Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to price in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy Gate Price and International Trade Resources [...]...
119. Net Price Net Price in International Trade Meaning of Net Price, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price paid or payable after all discounts and rebates have been applied....
120. Going Price Resources See Also Fair market value...