Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Bilateral Investment Treaties Contents Bilateral Investment Treaties Bilateral Investment Treaties resources • unctad bilateral investment Treaties online (searchable database) Free trade/sectoral agreements with ... Read more...
2. Arbitral Institutions Contents Arbitral Institutions American Arbitration Association (AAA) Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) Australian Centre for International ... Read more...
3. Investment Treaty Cases: U.S.as respondent State Contents Investment Treaty Cases: United States as respondent State See: Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries Investment treaty law and arbitration ... Read more...
4. List of international trade topics Contents List of international trade topics . Absolute advantage Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Asia-Pacific Economic ... Read more...
5. Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries Contents Bilateral Investment Treaties by countries See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books chapters ... Read more...
6. Investment Arbitration Fora Investment Arbitration Fora in International Economic Law In international economic law, investment arbitration fora includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ICC International Court of Arbitration Arbitration [...]...
7. Investment Arbitration Investment Arbitration in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to investment arbitration on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
8. List of International Business Law Landmark Cases Contents List of International Business Law Landmark Court Cases List of Selected International Business Law Court Decisions, by Subject Introduction ... Read more...
9. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes Summary of International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes An international agency affiliated with the World Bank and serving as a forum for the resolution of international investment disputes. The center was established [...]...
10. Dispute Settlement Bodies Dispute Settlement Bodies They include the following bodies: Court of Arbitration for Sport Court of Conciliation and Arbitration ICC International ... Read more...
11. Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (USSR) Name of this Court The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (USSR) is the standarized name of one of the National Courts - see the entries in the corresponding legal Encyclopedia (of this project) about court rules and procedural law for more [...]...
12. Arbitration: Basic features of the convention's regime on arbitration agreements Contents Arbitration: Basic features of the convention’s regime on arbitration agreements Arbitration agreements are presumed valid The drafters of the ... Read more...
13. Eurobill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in a currency other than that used in the country of the maker.......
14. Clean Bill of Exchange Any bill of exchange (read here for further details) not accompanied by documents, such as invoices, bills of lading, et cetera. See direct collection.......
15. Venture Capital Venture Capital Definition Venture Capital may be defined as money or capital provided for new business ventures by investors other than the original proprietor. The term is sometimes also used for capital provided to rescue or turn around a company. Venture capitalists—that is, [...]...
16. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
17. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
18. Stock Exchange Law Contents Stock Exchange Law Stock Exchange Law Stock exchange law is today a subdivision of capital markets or securities law. ... Read more...
19. Arbitration Award Contents Arbitration Award International awards differ from civil awards in having no legal sanction by which they can be enforced. ... Read more...
20. Arbitration Organizations worldwide Contents Arbitration Organizations worldwide Arbitration Organizations worldwide: web resources Abu Dhabi Commercial Conciliation and Arbitration Center (ADCCAC) www.adcci-uae.com ADR Institute ... Read more...
21. Arbitration: Requirements to be fulfilled by petitioner (Art. IV) Contents Arbitration: Requirements to be fulfilled by petitioner (Art. IV) At this phase of the proceedings, the petitioner has the ... Read more...
22. Arbitration: Incapacity of Party Contents Arbitration : Incapacity of Party   The types of issues arising under this ground include the “incapacity” defences, such ... Read more...
23. Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing Contents Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing     Article V(1)(b) requires that parties be afforded a fair hearing that ... Read more...
24. Arbitration: Examples of Recognition and Enforcement Contents Arbitration: Examples of Recognition and Enforcement   In a German case before the Court of Appeal of Celle, the ... Read more...
25. Commercial arbitration: U.S. Cases on arbitration Contents Commercial arbitration: United States court decisions on arbitration See: Commercial arbitration: U.S. Court decisions applying NY Convention 1958   ... Read more...
26. Arbitration: List of Latin American Institutions Contents Arbitration: List of arbitral Latin American Institutions This is a list of Arbitral Institutions Identified in Latin-America: Argentina Tribunal ... Read more...
27. Arbitration: Consequences of the non-application of the New York Convention Contents Arbitration: Consequences of the non-application of the New York Convention   The non-application or incorrect application of the New ... Read more...
28. Arbitration: Examples of Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement Contents Arbitration: Examples of Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement   Examples of refusal of recognition and enforcement under Article V(2)(b) ... Read more...
29. Arbitration: Grounds for refusal (Article V) in general Contents Arbitration: Grounds for refusal (Article V) in general This phase is characterized by the following general principles: – no ... Read more...
30. Arbitration: Grounds for refusal to be raised by the court ex officio (Article V(2)) Contents Arbitration: Grounds for refusal to be raised by the court ex officio (Article V(2))   Article V(2) of the ... Read more...
31. Arbitration: Limited discretionary power to enforce in the presence of grounds for refusal Contents Arbitration: Limited discretionary power to enforce in the presence of grounds for refusal     Courts generally refuse enforcement ... Read more...
32. Arbitration resources Contents Arbitration resources See...
33. Arbitration Arbitration, reference of a dispute to an impartial person or persons, called arbitrators, for a decision or award based on evidence and arguments presented by the disputants. The parties involved usually agree to resort to arbitration in lieu of court proceedings to resolve an existing [...]...
34. Arbitration on Under-pricing of Timber New us Request For Arbitration on Under-pricing of Timber: Case no 111790 in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): I. Relevant Provisions Of The SLA A. The United States Negotiated For A System Of Export [...]...
35. Bering Sea Arbitration Contents Bering Sea Arbitration Definition The important fishery dispute between Great Britain and the United States, which was closed by ... Read more...
36. Alabama Arbitration Contents “Alabama” Arbitration Introduction According to Collier’s New Encyclopedia, the Alabama claims were a “series of claims made in 1871 ... Read more...
37. Arbitration Clause Definition of Arbitration Clause in International Trade The following is a concept of Arbitration Clause in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract clause included in may international contracts, stating for example: [...]...
38. Construction Arbitration Contents Construction Arbitration and ADR On-Site Dispute Management Services Ideally, the use of the techniques and processes described below for ... Read more...
39. Arbitration Rules Contents Arbitration Rules Rules from International Institutions International Arbitration institutions have led the way in rulemaking for international commercial arbitration ... Read more...
40. Arbitration Adjudication Resistance to Arbitration (Adjudication and Enforcement) This section provides an overview of resistance to arbitration (adjudication and enforcement) within the legal context of Resistance to Arbitration in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles)....
41. Investment treaty law and arbitration books Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration books See: Arbitral Institutions – Arbitration Organizations worldwide – Books by year: Andrea Bianchi ... Read more...
42. Investment treaty law and arbitration reports Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration reports See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books ... Read more...
43. Investment treaty law and arbitration articles Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration articles See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration books ... Read more...
44. International Business Arbitration Contents International business arbitration American Arbitration Association International Council for Commercial Arbitration International Chamber of Commerce. Court of Arbitration Permanent ... Read more...
45. List of international arbitration topics Contents List of international arbitration topics Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules ... Read more...
46. International Commercial Arbitration See also International business arbitration in this international legal encyclopedia. International Commercial Arbitration Resources Treaties and Conventions on Arbitration See also Treaties in this legal [...]...
47. UN International Commercial Arbitration speechs Contents UN International commercial arbitration speechs Opening Speech by Ambassador Schurmann for the United Nations Conference on International commercial arbitration ... Read more...
48. Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement Contents Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement     Article V(1)(a) also provides a ground for refusal where the arbitration agreement “referred ... Read more...
49. Outside or beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement (Article V(1)(c)) Contents Outside or beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement (Article V(1)(c))   “The award deals with a difference not ... Read more...
50. Outline of International Arbitration Contents Outline of International Arbitration See Outline of International litigation Subject-matter The history of international arbitration is dealt with in ... Read more...
51. United States Arbitration Act An act of Congress that prescribes the basis for arbitration of commercial disputes arising from maritime contracts and contracts involving foreign entities. The act is divided into two chapters.Chapter I, dealing with maritime transactions, was enacted in 1947 and based upon an earlier ......
52. International Arbitration, Historical Contents International Arbitration International arbitration is a proceeding in which two nations refer their differences to one or more selected ... Read more...
53. Investment Treaty Arbitration Contents Investment Treaty Arbitration History By Susan D. Franck Since at least 1794, arbitration has been used as a mechanism ... Read more...
54. Limits of International Arbitration Limits of International Arbitration...
55. Award in Arbitration on Provincial Subsidies Award in Arbitration on Provincial Subsidies: Case no 81010 in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On January 20, 2011 a tribunal of the LCIA ("Tribunal") issued an award in favor of the [...]...
56. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration ... Read more...
57. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules R-Z Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules R-Z See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
58. Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules   See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
59. Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL (1976) arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration ... Read more...
60. Investment Treaty Cases: arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration ... Read more...
61. Original Arbitration agreement or certified copy (Article IV(1)(b)) Contents Original Arbitration agreement or certified copy (Article IV(1)(b)) This provision merely requires that the party seeking enforcement supply a ... Read more...
62. Amicus Curiae in International Investment Arbitration Contents Amicus Curiae in International Investment Arbitration Note: this entry is a continuation of the entry about the Participation of ... Read more...
63. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID Additional Facility arbitration rules See: Investment Treaty Cases: SCC arbitration rules Investment Treaty Cases: UNCITRAL ... Read more...
64. International Arbitration International arbitration is the settlement by a mutually acceptable third party of disputes between sovereign states. Modern international arbitration began with the conclusion of Jay's Treaty (1794) by Great Britain and the United States. Numerous disputes were arbitrated during the 19th [...]...
65. Aramco Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on aramco arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "aramco arbitration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
66. Arbitration Bond Description of Arbitration Bond Resources See Also Performance Bond Alternative Dispute Resolution...
67. Arbitration Hoard Description of Arbitration Hoard Resources See Also Alternative Dispute Resolution...
68. Arbitration and Award Description of Arbitration and Award Resources See Also Alternative Dispute Resolution...
69. Arbitration Act Description of Arbitration Act Resources See Also Labor Employment...
70. Arbitration Board Resources See Also e.g. American Arbitration Association...
71. International Arbitration Treaties Contents International Arbitration Treaties Legal Materials The U.S. Department of State posts links to UNCITRAL materials and other treaties concerning ... Read more...
72. Arbitration, Recognition of Awards Arbitration, Recognition Of Awards in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to arbitration, recognition of awards on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
73. Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to arbitration, (uncitral) model law on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
74. Court of Conciliation and Arbitration Court of Conciliation and Arbitration Note: The Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration was an Australian court that existed from ... Read more...
75. Investment treaty law and arbitration books reviews Contents Investment treaty law and arbitration books reviews See: Investment treaty law and arbitration books Investment treaty law and arbitration ... Read more...
76. Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E Contents Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules A-E See: Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID arbitration rules F-Q Investment Treaty Cases: ICSID ... Read more...
77. Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) This section provides an overview of arbitration institute of the stockholm chamber of commerce (scc) within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and [...]...
78. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
79. Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-state Arbitration: As mentioned in Mr. Arbogast's statement above, UNCITRAL finished negotiations on a set [...]...
80. Dollar Exchange A draft or bill of exchange, wherever drawn, payable in U.S. dollars.......
81. Letter Of Exchange An infrequently used synonym for bill of exchange (read here for further details).......
82. Mint Par Of Exchange The relationship, in terms of precious metal value, of two nations' currencies, derived by dividing the gold or silver content, by weight, of one nation's currency unit by the comparable metal content of another nation's currency unit.......
83. Payable With Exchange A condition that may be written on a bill of exchange or check, the effect of which is to stipulate that exchange conversion or collection costs shall be borne by the payee in the case of a bill, or the maker in the case of a check.......
84. Pecuniary Exchange The settlement of obligations by payment of money, rather than by goods or services.......
85. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
86. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
87. Sole Of Exchange Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
88. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
89. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
90. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
91. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
92. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
93. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
94. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
95. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
96. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
97. Inland Bill Of Exchange A bill drawn and payable in the same state.......
98. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
99. Prime Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) that states on its face that it arises from the sale of goods.......
100. Time Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) payable other than "at sight," i.e., immediately upon presentation. Bills drawn at sixty days' sight or thirty days date, for example, are time bills.......
101. Uniform Law On Bills Of Exchange A product of the 1932 Geneva Convention on Bills of Exchange. The object of the act was to standardize various national laws and usages relative to bills of exchange, thereby overcoming an impediment to rade. The act specifies that a bill of exchange must contain:1. The term bill of exch......
102. American Stock Exchange Description of American Stock Exchange Resources See Also Exchanges Securities Regulation...
103. ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Contents ESA Agreement on the Protection and Exchange of Classified Information Title of Treaty Agreement between the States Parties to ... Read more...
104. Investment Arbitration Contents Investment Arbitration Symposia “Symposium on international investment law and the European Union” in Karl P. Sauvant, Yearbook on International ... Read more...
105. Transnational Arbitration Contents Transnational Arbitration   1 20TH ANNUAL WORKSHOP OF THE INSTITUTE FOR TRANSNATIONAL ARBITRATION “CONFRONTING ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION” ... Read more...
106. Commercial Arbitration In the U.S., commercial arbitration is used most often in the construction, garment, and textile industries; in cases involving insurance and negligence; in maritime disputes; and in controversies involving members of stock and commodity exchanges. All but six states have adopted modern [...]...
107. Labor Arbitration Labor ArbitrationIn the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act, Congress declared that arbitration was the "desirable method for settlement of grievance disputes arising over the application or interpretation of an existing collective bargaining agreement" (see National Labor Relations Act). Build......
108. Abu Dhabi Arbitration Properly styled Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd v. Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (1951) 18 I.L.R. 144 , this proceeding arose out of a dispute as to whether the contract between the parties, dated 1939 , which purported to vest the sole rights of oil exploration and exploitation in the Sheikh [...]...
109. Ambatielos Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on ambatielos arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "ambatielos arbitration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
110. Air Transport Arbitration France–United States Air Transport Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on france–united states air transport arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "france–united states [...]...
111. Ad Hoc Investment Arbitration Ad hoc Investment Arbitration This section provides an overview of ad hoc investment arbitration within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Ucheora Onwuamaegbu, [...]...
112. Resistance to Arbitration Resistance to Arbitration (Adjudication and Enforcement) This section provides an overview of resistance to arbitration (adjudication and enforcement) within the legal context of Resistance to Arbitration in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement [...]...
113. Grievance Arbitration Description of Grievance Arbitration In this reference work, grievance arbitration is a sort of the Labor law category. Resources See Also Grievance Procedure Labor Employment Labor law...
114. Permanent Court of Arbitration Introduction to Permanent Court of Arbitration Permanent Court of Arbitration, panel of arbitrators established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, signed by 24 nations at the first international peace conference at The Hague, the Netherlands, in 1899. The [...]...
115. Bryan Arbitration Treaties Definition of Bryan Arbitration TreatiesIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Bryan Arbitration Treaties : (Bryan Treaties, Bryan Arbitration Treaties) (named after William Jennings Bryan, US Secretary of State 1913-15) The series of treaties, signed at [...]...
116. Icc International Court of Arbitration Icc International Court of Arbitration International Court of Arbitration in International Trade Meaning of ICC (International Court of Arbitration), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The ICC International Court of Arbitration was created in 1923 as the [...]...
117. London Court of International Arbitration London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) in International Trade Meaning of London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The LCIA is one of the world's leading international institutions for commercial [...]...
118. Hague Court of Arbitration The Hague Court of Arbitration as a Permanent Institution Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about The Hague Court of Arbitration as a Permanent Institution, wrote in 1921: 51. Until the end of the nineteenth century the society of states possessed no organ [...]...
119. Commercial Arbitration Agreements Commercial arbitration agreements (Law Materials) In this section, find out some resources in relation to Commercial arbitration agreements legal materials (as legal instruments). Other Legal Instruments Other legal instruments include: Affidavits By-laws Charters and articles of [...]...
120. Enforceability of Arbitration Clauses Enforceability of Arbitration Clauses in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On October 18, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed a lower court's denial of a motion to [...]...