Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
2. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
3. Open Market Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
4. United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Contents United Nations Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against Torture ... Read more...
5. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
6. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
7. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
8. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
9. United Nations Convention On The Recognition And Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards United Nations Convention On The Recognition And Enforcement Of Arbitral Awards. ......
10. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
11. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
12. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
13. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
14. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
15. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
16. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
17. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
18. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
19. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
20. Arab League Summary of Arab League An association of independent Arab states formed for the purpose of advancing cooperation among the members in political, economic, and social matters. The league, formed in Cairo in 1945, has a permanent council and secretariat. A principal objective of the league [...]...
21. Common Heritage Of Mankind Common Heritage of Mankind Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Heritage of Mankind , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Common Heritage of Mankind , Boczek, [...]...
22. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
23. Africa African nations include Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Democratic Republic), Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, [...]...
24. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
25. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
26. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
27. United Nations System Part 1 Contents United Nations System Part 1   1 Promoting Space Ventures by Creating an International Space IPR Framework DAVID IRIMIES ... Read more...
28. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
29. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
30. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
31. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
32. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
33. United Nations Institute For Training And Research Introduction to United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUnited Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), independent organization that trains diplomats and United Nations (UN) delegates to make the most efficient use of the UN and its agencies. The organization also an......
34. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
35. The Genius of the Common Law Contents The Genius of the Common law [1912], Sir Frederick Pollock The Genius of the Common law (New York: Columbia ... Read more...
36. Arab Boycott An economic boycott of Israel proclaimed in December 1945 by the Arab League to hamper "Jewish industry in Palestine." The boycott came to include not only Israeli firms and products, but firms having economic ties with Israel. A so-called blacklist of such firms was prepared by the [...]...
37. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
38. Arab Mahgreb Union Arab Mahgreb Union (AMU) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arab Mahgreb Union (AMU): A moribund common market including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. founded in 1989. [...]...
39. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
40. United Nations Reform Reform of the United Nations Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Reform, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations Reform, Boczek, Boleslaw [...]...
41. Charter of the United Nations 8 Contents Charter of the United Nations   CHAPTER XVI MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Article 102 1. Every treaty and every international agreement ... Read more...
42. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 30 Contents United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea   PART XVI GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 300 Good faith and ... Read more...
43. United Nations Civilian Police UNCIVPOL – United Nations Civilian Police Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Civilian Police , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations [...]...
44. United Nations Treaty Series UNTS – United Nations Treaty Series Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Treaty Series , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations [...]...
45. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
46. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
47. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
48. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
49. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 7 Contents United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification   Article 27 Measures to resolve questions on implementation The Conference of the ... Read more...
50. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
51. Arab Countries The Legal History of Islamic Law in Arab Countries This section provides an overview of Islamic Law in Arab Countries Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Legal Biography [...]...
52. Arab Labor Organization Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
53. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
54. Arab League History Arab League HistoryThe Egyptian government first proposed the Arab League in 1943. Egypt and some of the other Arab states wanted closer cooperation without the loss of self-rule that would result from total union. The original charter of the league created a regional organization of sovere......
55. Arab League Structure Arab League StructureThe supreme organ of the Arab League is its council, made up of all the member states; each state has one vote. Unanimous council decisions are binding on all members. Majority decisions are binding only on those members who accepted them. The council convenes twice ann......
56. Arab Republic of Egypt Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
57. Organization Of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization Of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Outline OAPEC was established in the Second Arab Oil (or Petroleum) Congress of 1968 (the first was held in 1959). It consists exclusively of Arab oil-exporting countries. Its founding members [...]...
58. United Nations Secretariat Contents United Nations Secretariat See: ? Charter of the United Nations ? UN: Purposes, principles and membership ? United Nations ... Read more...
59. A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations Contents A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations Author: Volger, Helmut, ed. Publication details: New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002. ... Read more...
60. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) Introduction to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, permanent arm of the United Nations General Assembly. The conference, established in December 1964, followed [...]...
61. Economic And Social Council Of The United Nations Economic and Social Council of the United Nations OutlineECOSOC is one of the major organs of the UN, consisting of 54 members. Its main function is to develop and coordinate social and economic policies of UN members. There are five regional commissions under ECOSOC: the Economic Commissio......
62. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Outline UNESCO was set up in 1945 as a specialised and independent agency of the UN. Its main task is to promote international cooperation in the areas of [...]...
63. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Introduction to United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international agency established by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in 1966 to promote industrialization in developing nations. The organization offers [...]...
64. Arab League Activities Arab League ActivitiesThe Arab League is involved in political, economic, cultural, and social programs designed to promote the interests of member states. The league has served as a forum for member states to coordinate their policy positions and deliberate on matters of common concern, se......
65. Arab League Membership Arab League MembershipThe league was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (Jordan, as of 1949), and Yemen. Countries that later joined are: Algeria (1962), Bahrain (1971), Comoros (1993), Djibouti (1977), Kuwait (1961), Libya (1953), Mauritania ......
66. League of Arab States League of Arab States and the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in dispute settlement Based on the Handbook on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States (1992, United Nations): Article 5 of the League Pact provides for an arbitral role for the Council of the League, which is composed of [...]...
67. Arab Spring Promotion of Human Rights During the Arab Spring In relation to the international law practice and Promotion of Human Rights During the Arab Spring in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Human Rights...
68. Syrian Arab Republic Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
69. United Arab Emirates Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
70. Arab Charter on Human Rights Embracing mainstream international law, this section on arab charter on human rights explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "arab charter on human rights" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
71. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
72. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
73. A Common Law of International Adjudication Contents A Common law of International Adjudication Chester Brown (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, liii + 303 pp) The rise ... Read more...
74. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
75. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
76. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee Contents United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee (1951) See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against ... Read more...
77. United Nations tags Contents United Nations tags Tags for United Nations United Nations (overview) History of United Nations Legal Basis Of Establishment of ... Read more...
78. United Nations Convention Against Corruption Contents Treaties : United Nations Convention Against Corruption On 14 December 2005 the United Nations Convention Against Corruption entered into ... Read more...
79. UN Convention against Corruption UN Convention against Corruption Title United Nations Convention Against Corruption About the Convention The purposes of the Convention are to promote and strengthen measures to prevent and combat corruption [...]...
80. UN: Purposes, principles and membership Contents UN: Purposes, principles and membership See: Charter of the United Nations UN: Purposes, principles and membership United Nations organs ... Read more...
81. UN Pacific settlement of disputes Contents UN Pacific Settlement of Disputes See: Charter of the United Nations UN: Purposes, principles and membership United Nations organs ... Read more...
82. UN: International cooperation and the ESC Contents UN: International cooperation and the ESC See: ? Charter of the United Nations ? UN: Purposes, principles and membership ... Read more...
83. UN International Trusteeship system Contents United Nations International Trusteeship system See: ? Charter of the United Nations ? UN: Purposes, principles and membership ? ... Read more...
84. UN International Commercial Arbitration speechs Contents UN International commercial arbitration speechs Opening Speech by Ambassador Schurmann for the United Nations Conference on International commercial arbitration ... Read more...
85. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
86. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2 Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
87. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3 Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
88. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 4 Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
89. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 5 Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
90. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 6 Contents Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ... Read more...
91. List of United Nations Cross References List of United Nations Cross References Economic and Social Council General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Bank for Reconstruction ... Read more...
92. Package Generally, a unit of cargo tendered by a shipper to a common carrier for onward transportation. The term is not explicitly defined. It attains its greatest significance within the meaning of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act. The act (46 U.S.C. A. Sec. 181) stipulates: Neither the carrier nor the shi......
93. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Hello The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees The Introduction to Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, The (UNHCR), a subsidiary organ of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, [...]...
94. Unicef The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) UNICEF supports governments and civil society in some 155 countries to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international standards. UNICEF’s rule of law work includes support to child rights legislative reform; justice [...]...
95. United Nations Introduction to United Nations United Nations (UN), international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote [...]...
96. United Nations Children’s Fund Introduction to United Nations Children«s FundUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) organization founded by the United Nations in 1946 to provide food, clothing, and rehabilitative programs to European children brutalized by World War II (1939-1945). In 1950 the United Nations made UN......
97. United Nations Development Program Introduction to United Nations Development Program United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), permanent arm of the United Nations General Assembly. The conference, established in December 1964, followed an earlier meeting in which 120 nations participated in discussions of [...]...
98. United Nations Disaster Relief Office Introduction to United Nations Disaster Relief OfficeUnited Nations Disaster Relief Office (UNDRO), organization founded in 1971 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to mobilize and coordinate relief activities from various sources in times of disaster. UNDRO was established to coo......
99. United Nations Environment Program Functions of the UN: Economic and Social Development EnvironmentIntroduction to United Nations Environment ProgramThe United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) encourages and coordinates sound environmental practices throughout the world. It grapples with ways to approach environme......
100. United Nations Future The Future of the United NationsIntroduction to United Nations FutureSince its creation in 1945, the UN has done much to promote international cooperation in economic and social goals, and to a lesser extent, world peace. The end of the Cold War and new possibilities for cooperatio......
101. United Nations General Assembly Structure of the United Nations: General Assembly Introduction to United Nations General Assembly The General Assembly is made up of all 192 member countries, each with one vote. It undertakes all major discussions and decisions about UN actions. It is like a global town hall, providing a [...]...
102. United Nations Humanitarian Assistance Functions of the UN: Humanitarian AssistanceIntroduction to United Nations Humanitarian AssistanceSince the end of the Cold War the UN has become increasingly involved in providing humanitarian assistance to people in need. All too frequently, the humanitarian crises to which the U......
103. United Nations Peacekeeping Forces Introduction to United Nations Peacekeeping ForcesUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces, agents of the United Nations (UN) who help to maintain or restore peace in regions of conflict. The peacekeeping forces comprise either unarmed observers or lightly armed military personnel from UN member ......
104. United Nations Relief And Works Agency For Palestine Refugees In the Near East Introduction to United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), organization created in 1949 by the United Nations (UN) to serve the nutrition, health, and education needs of [...]...
105. United Nations Secretariat Staff Structure of the United Nations: Secretariat Secretariat StaffIntroduction to United Nations Secretariat StaffThe UN's staff includes administrators, experts on technical issues such as environmental protection, and economic advisors working on various programs and projects in ......
106. United Nations Security Council Structure of the United Nations: Security CouncilIntroduction to United Nations Security CouncilThe Security Council is the most powerful body in the UN. It is responsible for maintaining international peace, and for restoring peace when conflicts arise. Its decisions are binding o......
107. United Nations Environment Programme UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Environment Programme , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including [...]...
108. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Population Fund , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United [...]...
109. United Nations University UNU – United Nations University Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations University , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations University [...]...
110. United Nations Volunteers UNV – United Nations Volunteers Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Volunteers , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations Volunteers [...]...
111. United Nations Documents Contents United Nations Documents Finding United Nations Documents These documents are the major, final records of the General Assembly, Security ... Read more...
112. United Nations Symbols Contents United Nations Symbols United Nations Documents Symbols System The United Nations publishes many documents. Many documents were originally published ... Read more...
113. United Nations Resources Contents United Nations Resources Using the United Nations Resources in the World Encyclopedia of Law Available through the Lawi Project, ... Read more...
114. Immunity of the United Nations The United Nations: Background Note The name "United Nations" was devised by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged [...]...
115. Un General Assembly Resolutions on Commercial Law United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On December 9, 2011, the United States joined consensus in the Sixth Committee in adopting two resolutions relating to [...]...
116. Un Immunities Plaintiff's Arguments to Limit or Disregard the UN's Immunities Under the General Convention Lack Merit in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): There is no merit to Plaintiff's contention [...]...
117. Un Reform United Nations Reform in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 6, 2011, Ambassador Susan E. Rice, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, addressed the State and Foreign Operations [...]...
118. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
119. United Arab Republic Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
120. Organization of Arab Oil Exporting Countries Embracing mainstream international law, this section on organization of arab oil exporting countries explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "organization of arab oil exporting countries" in the Parry and [...]...