Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
2. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
3. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
4. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
5. Can Can Summary of Can Slang for a container.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Andean Community, abbreviated as CAN (from the Spanish Comunidad Andina), is a community of four South-American countries aiming at more rapid, better balanced and more autonomous economic and social [...]...
6. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
7. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
8. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
9. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
10. Common Position Common position (CFSP) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common position (CFSP) provided by the European Union Commission: The common position in the context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is designed to make cooperation more systematic and improve its [...]...
11. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
12. Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources Trade Union Topics [...]...
13. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
14. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
15. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
16. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
17. European Internal Market Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
18. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
19. Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970, urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst for the development o......
20. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
21. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
22. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
23. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
24. Economic Community European Economic Community (EEC) and Europe There is an entry on european economic community (eec) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Economic Community (EEC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from [...]...
25. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
26. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
27. Treaty of Rome Treaty Of Rome Summary of Treaty Of Rome The document, signed at Rome in 1957 (effective January 1, 1958), by which the six founding states established the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details). (Main Author: William J. Miller) The Treaty of [...]...
28. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
29. Withdrawal Price A floor price at which European Economic Community producers of certain food products may withhold their goods from the market. The withdrawal price is generally below the base price (i.e., the target price set for a given commodity) and the purchase price at which EEC governments will intervene in ......
30. High Tribunals Iraqi High Tribunal Embracing mainstream international law, this section on iraqi high tribunal explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "iraqi high tribunal" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
31. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
32. Works Council Works council in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Works council provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: 1. A body elected to represent the interests of workers within a workplace through communication and consultation with the employer e.g. concerning working conditions and health and [...]...
33. Shop Steward Shop steward in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Shop steward provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A union worker who represents the members of a union in dealings with the employer. Often elected by union members who work in the same establishment. Resources See Also Labor [...]...
34. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
35. Mercosur The Mercosur treaty creates something of a free trade zone among countries in the southern part of South America. The related Mercosur organization posts materials in Spanish. For information about Mercosur materials, see A Guide to MERCOSUR Legal Research: Sources and Documents. [...]...
36. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
37. Andean Group Originally a subgroup within the now defunct Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), the Andean Group was established by the Cartagena Agreement of 1969. The purpose of the group (also known as the Andean Common Market and the Andean Subgroup) is to foster economic integration of the member states. ......
38. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
39. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
40. Contracting Out Contracting-out Contracting-out in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Contracting-out provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: The practice whereby an employer transfers an aspect of its business operation to an external provider. Also called outsourcing. Not to be confused with [...]...
41. Andean Subregional Group Considered in Andean Group.......
42. Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign And Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy of European Union at the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Common Foreign and Security Policy , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG [...]...
43. Enterprise Union Enterprise union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Enterprise union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A union whose membership is limited to workers in one particular enterprise. Sometimes called a company union, but should not be confused with a yellow union. Resources Trade [...]...
44. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
45. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
46. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
47. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
48. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
49. Regionalization Regionalization Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Regionalization , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Regionalization , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005)...
50. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
51. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
52. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
53. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
54. International Organizations Cross References International Organizations Cross-References International Organizations are Institutions which have membership from several states, and they are usually international in scope. ... Read more...
55. Anti-union Discrimination Anti-union discrimination in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Anti-union discrimination provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Any practice that disadvantages a worker or a group of workers on grounds of their past, current or prospective trade union membership, their legitimate [...]...
56. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
57. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
58. Trade Union Act Trade union act in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Trade union act provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party Legislative Power [...]...
59. Common Resources See Also Tenant (Tenant in common) Resources See Also Profit (Profit a prendre) Resources See Also As to common Bail Barretor Carrier Chase Condedit Council Day Debtor Diligence Drunkard Error Fishery Highway Informer Inn Intendment of law Intent Jury Labor Nuisance [...]...
60. Definition of Trade Union Definition of trade union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Definition of trade union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party [...]...
61. Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Community (SADC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern African Development Community (SADC): A regional cooperation organization including Angola, Botswana, [...]...
62. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
63. Andean Community Andean Community, organization of South American countries located along the Andes Mountains, whose aim is to facilitate development of member nations through economic and social cooperation. The Andean Community (also known as the Andean Group) was established in 1969 by authority of an [...]...
64. Andean Pact Andean Pact (Andean Subregional Integration Agreement) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Andean Pact (Andean Subregional Integration Agreement): A regional cooperation organization including [...]...
65. Andean Region Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
66. Andean Indian Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
67. Andean Trade Preferences Arrangement Andean Trade Preferences Arrangement (ATPA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Andean Trade Preferences Arrangement (ATPA): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
68. Court of Justice of the Andean Community Contents Court of Justice of the Andean Community Introduction The Court of the Andean Community was created on May 28, ... Read more...
69. EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement EU-Andean Community Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement Contents Title of Treaty Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement between the European Community ... Read more...
70. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
71. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
72. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
73. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
74. A Common Law of International Adjudication Contents A Common law of International Adjudication Chester Brown (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, liii + 303 pp) The rise ... Read more...
75. Common Carrier Read Carrier as cross-reference......
76. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
77. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
78. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
79. Drug Trafficking in the Andean Region Contents Drug Trafficking in the Andean Region Coca, the raw material for cocaine, is grown exclusively in the Andean region ... Read more...
80. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
81. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
82. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
83. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
84. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
85. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
86. Common Margins Arrangement A mechanism employed by the European Economic Community to stabilize the values of EEC member currencies relative to one another. See snake.......
87. Common Pricing A feature of the COMMON AGRICULTURAL policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
88. Foreign Market Price For purposes of customs valuation comparisons, generally the price of like merchandise sold for consumption in the country of origin.......
89. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
90. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
91. Overland Common Point A geographic point in the nation's interior to which shipments (usually ocean containers) can be made over more than one coast. For example, St. Louis is an overland common point for shipments from Asia inasmuch as it can be reached by shipping containers via the Pacific coast, or through the Pa......
92. Common Law Definition Contents Common Law Definition The term “common law” is used in a number of different senses. In medieval English law ... Read more...
93. Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions Contents Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions of ... Read more...
94. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
95. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
96. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
97. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
98. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
99. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
100. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
101. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
102. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
103. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
104. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
105. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
106. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
107. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
108. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
109. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
110. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
111. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
112. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
113. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
114. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
115. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
116. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
117. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
118. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
119. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
120. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...