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1. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
2. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
3. Limited Voting Limited Voting in Election Law Voting system used in multi-member constituencies. Voters have more than one vote but fewer votes than the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes get elected, but not necessarily with absolute majority. Under a variant of Limited Vote [...]...
4. Cumulative Voting Cumulative Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A semiproportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires. Cumulative [...]...
5. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
6. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
7. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
8. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
9. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
10. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
11. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
12. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
13. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
14. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
15. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
16. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
17. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
18. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
19. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
20. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
21. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
22. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
23. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
24. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
26. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
27. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
28. Ordinary Vote Ordinary Vote in Election Law Vote cast by a voter on election day in the appropriate polling station. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
29. Preferential Vote Preferential Vote in Election Law System used in list-based voting which gives a greater choice to the voter, who is not obliged to keep candidates in the order in which they are presented by their parties. Voters may mark a preference for one or more candidates or may themselves rank all [...]...
30. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
31. Family Vote Family Vote in Election Law Type of vote where one family member instructs others how to vote, or even in some cases votes in place of family members (e.g. by collecting all their voters' cards). This practice is considered a type of electoral fraud. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
32. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
33. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
34. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
35. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
36. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
37. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
38. Method Highest Average Method in Election Law Formula used in party list proportional voting systems to convert votes into seats. The total number of votes for each party or list is divided by a series of divisors using the D'Hondt method (1,2,3, etc.) or Sainte-Laguë method (1, 3, 5, etc.). [...]...
39. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
41. Coalition Government Coalition Government in Election Law Government formed by more than one political party, sometimes (but not always) formed when no party obtains an absolute majority in an election. Two or more parties therefore come to an agreement to govern together. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
42. Surplus Surplus Votes in Election Law In a single transferable vote (STV) system, this is the number of votes that that exceeds the votes that a candidate needs to win a seat and which are, therefore, transfered to other candidates. Resources See Also Forestry Natural Resources Forest Law Resources [...]...
43. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Hung Parliament Hung Parliament in Election Law Electoral result whereby no single party or coalition commands an absolute majority of the seats. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
45. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
46. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
47. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
49. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
50. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
51. Governing Party Governing or Ruling Party in Election Law The party of a prime mister or a president governing by majority vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
53. Elections Election and Political Law Genuine Elections in Election Law In the field of elections, this term implies the presence of conditions for a level playing field in the electoral race. This mainly includes the exercise of political rights and freedoms, having parties and candidates competing on [...]...
54. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
56. Constitutional Referendum Constitutional Referendum in Election Law Direct vote by the electorate to adopt, revise or reject the constitution or any of its article(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
58. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
59. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
60. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
62. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (omr) Device in Election Law A scanner that can read specific marks in a defined set of locations on a page. The computer software used by an OMR scanner is programmed to recognise the meaning of the various marks and to convert scanned images into computer-readable [...]...
63. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
64. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
65. Remote Remote Voting in Election Law See: Absentee vote Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
66. Voter List Final Voter List in Election Law A final list of eligible voters for an upcoming election or referendum updated, after the display and challenge period, with neccesary actions of correction, addition and removal. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
67. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
68. Single Ballot Single Ballot in Election Law Unlike the multiple ballot, this is a ballot paper on which all possible choices open to the voter are printed. The voter selects one or more options, depending on the electoral system. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
69. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
70. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
71. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
72. Spoilt Spoilt Ballot in Election Law A ballot which is invalid due to printing irregularities, tearing or ink stains or that is damaged in any other way, for example if the voter makes a mistake. Spoilt ballots are set aside and cannot be used in the vote. (See: Discarded ballot). Resources See Also [...]...
73. Transfer Spanish Translation of transferThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to transfer and / or a definition of this topic: Cesión (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
74. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
75. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
76. Psephology Psephology in Election Law The study of voting and voting patterns. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
77. Court of First Instance Court of First Instance in Election Law Court of original or primary jurisdiction which can be mandated by electoral law to rule on certain election-related disputes. The Court of First Instance Name The Court of First Instance is the standarized name of one of the International Courts and [...]...
78. Teller Teller in Election Law Party representative who waits outside polling stations and asks people for their number on the voter register. This is to help parties ensure that all their supporters have voted. A teller has no official status and no one is obliged to give them any information. [...]...
79. Integrity Integrity Cost in Election Law Expenses that a country incurs to ensure that elections take place in an environment of fairness and to guarantee a level playing field for all. Such costs can be related to providing equitable media access for parties, party funding, voter education and, in some [...]...
80. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
81. Marginal Swing or Marginal Constituency in Election Law An electoral constituency in which there is only a small difference between the number of votes the leading parties expect to win. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
83. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
84. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
85. Transferable Vote Single Transferable Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The Single Transferable Vote, or STV, is a preference voting system designed to minimise wasted votes in multicandidate elections while ensuring that votes are explicitly for candidates rather than party [...]...
86. Disproportionality Disproportionality in Election Law In a proportional representation (PR) system, this refers to quantitative data relating to the discrepancy between the percentage of votes cast for parties in an election and the percentage of seats which they obtained in parliament. Resources See Also [...]...
87. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
88. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
89. Majority Majority (By an unspecified method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In any majority electoral system, there is necessariliy a method of deciding the winner when no single option has a majority of the votes cast. However, the method is not always specified in the [...]...
90. Simple Or Relative Majority Simple or Relative Majority in Election Law System where a candidate (or list of candidates) is elected by obtaining the largest number of votes, in comparison with the number of votes obtained by other candidates (or lists of candidates) in the race. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
91. Absolute Resources See Also As to absolute Conveyance Covenant Delivery Divorce Estate Gift Guaranty Interest Legacy Nuisance Nullity Obligation Property Right Rule Sale Title...
92. Absolute Law Resources See Also Natural law...
93. Absolute Endorsement An archaic term not used in modern statutes, it meant an unconditional endorsement of a negotiable instrument. It is replaced effectively by the term General Endorsement. Endorsement is considered here.......
94. Absolute Spread A provision in a variable rate loan that fixes the upper limit of the premium over prime rate at a specific percentage, e.g., prime plus 3 percent.......
95. Absolute Pacifism Pacifism Absolute PacifismIntroduction to Absolute PacifismMembers of some religious groups, such as the Mennonite Church and the Quakers, believe they can convert aggressors to peaceful ways by setting an example of loving, nonviolent behavior. This is the attitude expressed in th......
96. Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
97. Absolute Immunity The Court Cannot Exercise Jurisdiction Over the United Nations if Absolute Immunity Applies, Regardless of Whether Other Fora Are Available in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Finally, even assuming [...]...
98. Absolute Poverty Absolute Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Absolute Poverty means: number of persons or households whose level of consumption or income below the poverty line....
99. Absolute-priority Rule Description of Absolute-priority Rule In this reference work, absolute-priority rule is a sort of the Bankruptcy category. Resources See Also Bankruptcy Bankruptcy...
100. Absolute Disparity Description of Absolute Disparity In this reference work, absolute disparity is a sort of the Constitutional law category. Resources See Also FAIR-CROSS-SECTION REQUIREMENT DUREN TEST STATISTICAL-DECISION THEORY Comparative Disparity Jury Constitutional law...
101. Absolute Assignment Description of Absolute Assignment Resources See Also Assignments...
102. Absolute-bar Rule Description of Absolute-bar Rule Resources See Also Mortgages Secured Transactions...
103. Absolute Deed Resources See Also Deed...
104. Absolute Liability Resources See Also Strict liability...
105. Age of Majority Description of Age of Majority Resources See Also Legal age Majority Resources See Also Age Of Capacity Child Support Infants Parent Child...
106. Majority Leader Introduction to Majority Leader Majority Leader, leader of the majority party (the political party which has had the larger number of representatives elected) in a legislature, such as a senate, house of representatives, or parliament." (1) Concept of Majority Leader Note: explore also [...]...
107. Majority Rule Introduction to Majority Rule Majority Rule, doctrine by which a numerical majority of an organized group holds the power to make decisions for the entire group. Majority rule is characteristic of democracies." (1) Concept of Majority Rule Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term [...]...
108. Majority Shareholders Majority Shareholders: Main Elements The coverage of Majority Shareholders includes the following element(s): Duties of Majority Shareholders, Directors and Officers For detailed information on this issue, please read the corresponding entry. References See Also Business Law (in international [...]...
109. Majority Vote Embracing mainstream international law, this section on majority vote explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "majority vote" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
110. Qualified Majority Embracing mainstream international law, this section on qualified majority explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "qualified majority" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
111. Double Majority Double Majority and Europe There is an entry on double majority in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Double Majority" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
112. Majority (TwoRound Method) Majority (TwoRound Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system uses a two round system of voting. In the first round, each voter casts one vote, and when these votes are tallied, the candidate with a majority of the votes wins the election. If [...]...
113. Qualified majority voting in the European Union Qualified majority voting in the European Union On most issues, the Council of the European Union takes its decisions by ... Read more...
114. Duties of Majority Shareholders, Directors and Officers References See Also Business Law Business Organizations...
115. Un Absolute Immunity The United Nations Enjoys Absolute Immunity in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The United Nations General Convention, to which the United States is a party, explicitly provides that the United [...]...
116. Economic Reform in Muslim Majority Countries Economic Reform In Muslim Majority Countries in 2016 In countries with predominantly Muslim populations, the pursuit of economic growth is one way of achieving sustainable social benefits that can reduce some of the pressures that may lead some to turn to violent extremism. In 2016, the United [...]...
117. Principle of Absolute Consent In relation to the amendment of the constitutions of international organizations, this principle requires unanimity on the part of all members. Thus, e.g., art. 48 of the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union ( O.J. 06/C 321 E/1 ) permits amendments to enter into effect only [...]...
118. Qualified Majority Voting Qualified Majority Voting (qmv) and Europe There is an entry on qualified majority voting (qmv) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Qualified Majority Voting (qmv)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen [...]...
119. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
120. Abstention Abstention in Election Law Deliberate refusal on the part of a voter to vote on election day. Abstention can be considered a political statement if a boycott is clearly called for by voters and/or encouraged by political parties. But abstention can also be the result of a lack of interest in [...]...