Constitutional Text: Indonesia 1945, Amended 2002

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
AUGUST 18, 1945, AS AMENDED TO AUGUST 10, 2002

The Preamble to the Constitution
Whereas independence is the inalienable right of all
nations, therefore, all colonialism must be abolished in
this world as it is not in conformity with humanity and
justice; And the moment of rejoicing has arrived in the
struggle of the Indonesian independence movement to
guide the people safely and well to the gate of the
independence of the state of Indonesia which shall be
independent, united, sovereign, just and prosperous; By
the grace of God Almighty and motivated by the noble
desire to live a free national life, the people of Indonesia
hereby declare their independence.

Subsequent thereto, to form a government of the state
of Indonesia which shall protect all the people of
Indonesia and all the independence and the land that
has been struggled for, and to improve public welfare,
to educate the life of the people and to participate
toward the establishment of a world order based on
freedom, perpetual peace and social justice, therefore
the independence of Indonesia shall be formulated into
a constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which shall
be built into a sovereign state based on a belief in the
One and Only God, just and civilised humanity, the unity
of Indonesia, and democratic life led by wisdom of
thoughts in deliberation amongst representatives of the
people, and achieving social justice for all the people of
Indonesia.

Chapter I
Form of the State and Sovereignty

Article 1. (1) The State of Indonesia shall be a unitary state in the
form of a republic.
(2) Sovereignty is in the hands of the people and is
implemented according to this Constitution.
(3) The State of Indonesia shall be a state based on the rule of
law.
Chapter II
The People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat or MPR)
Article 2. (1) The MPR shall consist of the members of the DPR and
the members of the DPD who have been elected through general
elections, and shall be regulated further by law.
(2) The MPR shall convene in a session at least once in every
five years in the capital of the state.
(3) All decisions of the MPR shall be taken by a majority vote.
Article 3. (1) The MPR has the authority to amend and enact the
Constitution.
(2) The MPR shall inaugurate the President and/or Vice-
President.
(3) The MPR may only dismiss the President and/or Vice-
President during his/her term of office in accordance with the
Constitution.
Chapter III
The Executive Power
Article 4. (1) The President of the Republic of Indonesia shall hold
the power of government in accordance with the Constitution.

(2) In exercising his/her duties, the President shall be assisted
by a Vice-President.
Article 5. (1) The President shall be entitled to submit Bills to the
DPR.
(2) The President may issue Government regulations as
required to implement laws.
Article 6. (1) Any candidate for President or Vice-President shall be
a citizen of Indonesia since birth, shall never have acquired another
citizenship by his/her own will, shall never have committed an act
of treason against the State, and shall be mentally and physically
capable of implementing the duties and obligations of President or
Vice-President.
(2) The requirements to become President or Vice-President
shall be further regulated by law.
Article 6A. (1) The President and Vice-President shall be elected as
a pair directly by the people.
(2) The pairs of candidates for President and Vice-President
shall be proposed prior to the holding of general elections by
political parties or coalitions of political parties which are
participants in the general elections.
(3) The Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidate pair which
polls a vote of more than fifty percent of the total number of
votes during the general election and in addition polls at least
twenty percent of the votes in more than half of the total
number of provinces in Indonesia shall be declared elected as
the President and Vice-President.
(4) In the event that no Presidential and Vice-Presidential
candidate pair is elected, the people shall directly choose
between the two candidate pairs that received the most
number of votes in the general elections, and the pair that
receives the highest number of votes shall be appointed
President and Vice-President.
(5) The procedure for the holding of the election of the
President and Vice-President shall be further regulated by law.
Article 7. The President and Vice-President shall hold office for a
term of five years and may subsequently be reelected to the same
office for one further term only.
Article 7A. The President and/or the Vice-President may be
dismissed from his/her position during his/her term of office by the
MPR on the proposal of the House of Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR), both if it is proven that he/she has
violated the law through an act of treason, corruption, bribery, or
other act of a grave criminal nature, or through moral turpitude,
and/or that the President and/or Vice-President no longer meets the
qualifications to serve as President and/or Vice-President.
Article 7B. (1) Any proposal for the dismissal of the President
and/or the Vice-President may be submitted by the DPR to the MPR
only by first submitting a request to the Constitutional Court to
investigate, bring to trial, and issue a decision on the opinion of the
DPR either that the President and/or Vice-President has violated the
law through an act of treason, corruption, bribery, or other act of a
grave criminal nature, or through moral turpitude, and/or that the
President and/or Vice-President no longer meets the qualifications
to serve as President and/or Vice-President.
(2) The opinion of the DPR that the President and/or Vice-
President has violated the law or no longer meets the
qualifications to serve as President and/or Vice-President is
undertaken in the course of implementation of the supervision
function of the DPR.
(3) The submission of the request of the DPR to the
Constitutional Court shall only be made with the support of at
least 2/3 of the total members of the DPR who are present in
a plenary session that is attended by at least 2/3 of the total
membership of the DPR.
(4) The Constitutional Court has the obligation to investigate,
bring to trial, and reach the most just decision on the opinion
of the DPR at the latest ninety days after the request of the
DPR was received by the Constitutional Court.
(5) If the Constitutional Court decides that the President
and/or Vice-President is proved to have violated the law
through an act of treason, corruption, bribery, or other act of
a grave criminal nature, or through moral turpitude; and/or
the President and/or Vice-President is proved no longer to
meet the qualifications to serve as President and/or Vice-
President, the DPR shall hold a plenary session to submit the
proposal to impeach the President and/or Vice-President to
the MPR.
(6) The MPR shall hold a session to decide on the proposal of
the DPR at the latest thirty days after its receipt of the
proposal.
(7) The decision of the MPR over the proposal to impeach the
President and/or Vice-President shall be taken during a
plenary session of the MPR which is attended by at least 3/4
of the total membership and shall require the approval of at
least 2/3 of the total of members who are present, after the
President and/or Vice-President have been given the
opportunity to present his/her explanation to the plenary
session of the MPR.
Article 7C. The President may not freeze and/or dissolve the DPR.
Article 8. (1) In the event that the President dies, resigns, is
impeached, or is not capable of implementing his/her obligations
during his/her term, he/she will be replaced by the Vice-President
until the end of his/her term.
(2) In the event that the position of Vice-President is vacant,
the MPR should hold a session within sixty days at the latest
to elect a Vice-President from two candidates nominated by
the President.
(3) In the event that the President and the Vice-President die,
resign, are impeached, or are permanently incapable of
performing their tasks and duties within their term of office
simultaneously, the tasks and duties of the presidency shall
be undertaken by a joint administration of the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Home Affairs, and the Minister
of Defence. At the latest thirty days after that, the MPR shall
hold a session to elect a new President and Vice-President
from the tickets nominated by the political parties or
coalitions of political parties whose tickets won first and
second place in the last presidential election, who will serve
for the remainder of the term of office.
Article 9. (1) Prior to taking office, the President and Vice-President
shall swear an oath in accordance with their respective religions or
shall make a solemn promise before the MPR or DPR. The oath or
promise shall be as follows:
Presidential (Vice-Presidential) Oath:
“I swear before God that, to the best of my ability, I shall
fulfil as justly as possible my duties as President (Vice-
President) of the Republic of Indonesia, that I shall
uphold faithfully the Constitution, conscientiously
implement all statutes and regulations, and shall devote
myself to the service of country and Nation.”
Presidential (Vice-Presidential) Promise:
“I solemnly promise that, to the best of my ability, I shall
fulfil as justly as possible my duties as President (Vice-
President) of the Republic of Indonesia, that I shall
uphold faithfully the Constitution, conscientiously
implement all statutes and regulations, and shall devote
myself to the service of country and Nation.”
(2) In the event that the MPR or DPR is unable to convene a
sitting, the President and Vice-President shall swear an oath in
accordance with their respective religions or shall make a
solemn promise before the leadership of the MPR witnessed
by the leadership of the Supreme Court.
Article 10. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Army,
the Navy and the Air Force.
Article 11. (1) The President with the approval of the DPR may
declare war, make peace and conclude Treaties with other countries.
(2) The President in making other international agreements
that will produce an extensive and fundamental impact on the
lives of the people which is linked to the state financial
burden, and/or that will requires an amendment to or the
enactment of a law, shall obtain the approval of the DPR.
(3) Further provisions regarding international agreements
shall be regulated by law.
Article 12. The President may declare a state of emergency. The
conditions for such a declaration and the subsequent measures
regarding a state of emergency shall be regulated by law.
Article 13. (1) The President shall appoint ambassadors and
consuls.
(2) In the appointment of ambassadors, the President shall
have regard to the opinion of the DPR.
(3) The President shall receive the accreditation of
ambassadors of foreign nations and shall in so doing have
regard to the opinion of the DPR.
Article 14. (1) The President may grant clemency and restoration of
rights and shall in so doing have regard to the opinion of the
Supreme Court.
(2) The President may grant amnesty and the dropping of
charges and shall in so doing have regard to the opinion of
the DPR.
Article 15. The President may grant titles, decorations and other
honours as provided by law.
Article 16. The President shall establish an advisory council with
the duty of giving advice and considered opinion to the President,
which shall be further regulated by law.
Chapter IV
Supreme Advisory Council
Deleted.
Chapter V
Ministers of State
Article 17. (1) The President shall be assisted by Ministers of State.
(2) Ministers of State shall be appointed and dismissed by the
President.
(3) Each Minister of State shall be responsible for a particular
area of Government activity.
(4) The formation, change, and dissolution of ministries of
state shall be regulated by law.
Chapter VI
Regional Authorities
Article 18. (1) The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia shall
be divided into provinces and those provinces shall be divided into
regencies (kabupaten) and municipalities (kota), each of which shall
have regional authorities which shall be regulated by law.
(2) The regional authorities of the provinces, regencies and
municipalities shall administer and manage their own affairs
according to the principles of regional autonomy and the duty
of assistance (tugas pembantuan).
(3) The authorities of the provinces, regencies and
municipalities shall include for each a Regional People’s
House of Representatives (DPRD) whose members shall be
elected through general elections.
(4) Governors, Regents (bupati) and Mayors (walikota),
respectively as head of regional government of the provinces,
regencies and municipalities, shall be elected democratically.
(5) The regional authorities shall exercise wide-ranging
autonomy, except in matters specified by law to be the affairs
of the central government.
(6) The regional authorities shall have the authority to adopt
regional regulations and other regulations to implement
autonomy and the duty of assistance.
(7) The structure and administrative mechanisms of regional
authorities shall be regulated by law.
Article 18A. (1) The authority relations between the central
government and the regional authorities of the provinces, regencies
and municipalities, or between a province and its regencies and
municipalities, shall be regulated by law having regard to the
particularities and diversity of each region.
(2) The relations between the central government and regional
authorities in finances, public services, and the use of natural
and other resources shall be regulated and administered with
justice and equity according to law.
Article 18B. (1) The State recognises and respects units of regional
authorities that are special and distinct, which shall be regulated by
law.
(2) The State recognises and respects traditional communities
along with their traditional customary rights as long as these
remain in existence and are in accordance with the societal
development and the principles of the Unitary State of the
Republic of Indonesia, and shall be regulated by law.
Chapter VII
The People’s Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or
DPR)
Article 19. (1) Members of the DPR shall be elected through a
general election.
(2) The structure of the DPR shall be regulated by law.
(3) The DPR shall convene in a session at least once a year.
Article 20. (1) The DPR shall hold the authority to establish laws.
(2) Each bill shall be discussed by the DPR and the President
to reach joint approval.
(3) If a bill fails to reach joint approval, that bill shall not be
reintroduced within the same DPR term of sessions.
(4) The President signs a jointly approved bill to become a
law.
(5) If the President fails to sign a jointly approved bill within
30 days following such approval, that bill shall legally become
a law and must be promulgated.
Article 20A. (1) The DPR shall hold legislative, budgeting and
oversight functions.

(2) In carrying out its functions, in addition to the rights
regulated in other articles of this Constitution, the DPR shall
hold the right of interpellation (interpelasi), the right of
investigation (angket), and the right to declare an opinion.
(3) Other than the rights regulated in other articles of this
Constitution, every DPR member shall hold the right to submit
questions, the right to propose suggestions and opinions, and
the right of immunity.
(4) Further provisions on the rights of the DPR and the rights
of DPR members shall be regulated by law.
Article 21. DPR members shall have the right to propose Bills .
Article 22. (1) Should exigencies compel, the President shall have
the right to establish government regulations in lieu of laws.
(2) Such government regulations must obtain the approval of
the DPR during its next session.
(3) Should there be no such approval, these government
regulations shall be revoked.
Article 22A. Further provisions regarding the procedures to
establish laws shall be regulated by law.
Article 22B. DPR members may be removed from office, according
to conditions and procedures which shall be regulated by law.
Chapter VIIA
The Council of Representatives of the Regions (Dewan Perwakilan
Daerah or DPD)
Article 22C. (1) The members of the DPD shall be elected from
every province through a general election.

(2) The total number of members of DPD in every province
shall be the same, and the total membership of the DPD shall
not exceed a third of the total membership of the DPR.
(3) The DPD shall hold a session at least once every year.
(4) The structure and composition of the DPD shall be
regulated by law.
Article 22D. (1) The DPD may propose to the DPR Bills related to
regional autonomy, the relationship of central and local
government, formation, expansion and merger of regions,
management of natural resources and other economic resources,
and Bills related to the financial balance between the centre and the
regions.
(2) The DPD shall participate in the discussion of Bills related
to regional autonomy; the relationship of central and local
government; formation, expansion, and merger of regions;
management of natural resources and other economic
resources, and financial balance between the centre and the
regions; and shall provide consideration to the DPR over Bills
on the State Budget and on Bills related to taxation,
Education , or religion.
(3) The DPD may oversee the implementation of laws
concerning regional autonomy, the formation, expansion and
merger of regions, the relationship of central and local
government, management of natural resources and other
economic resources, implementation of the State Budget,
taxation, Education , or religion and shall in addition submit
the result of such oversight to the DPR in the form of
materials for its further consideration.
(4) The members of the DPD may be removed from office
under requirements and procedures that shall be regulated by
law.
Chapter VIIB

General Elections
Article 22E. (1) General elections shall be conducted in a direct,
general, free, secret, honest, and fair manner once every five years.
(2) General elections shall be conducted to elect the members
of the DPR, DPD, the President and Vice-President, and the
Regional People’s Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat Daerah or DPRD).
(3) The participants in the general election for the election of
the members of the DPR and the members of the DPRDs are
political parties.
(4) The participants in the general election for the election of
the members of the DPD are individuals.
(5) The general elections shall be organised by a general
election commission of a national, permanent, and
independent character.
(6) Further provisions regarding general elections shall be
regulated by law.
Chapter VIII
Finances
Article 23. (1) The State Budget as the basis of the management of
state funds shall be determined annually by law and shall be
implemented in an open and accountable manner in order to best
attain the prosperity of the people.
(2) The Bill on the State Budget shall be submitted by the
President for joint consideration with the DPR, which
consideration shall take into account the opinions of the DPD.
(3) In the event that the DPR fails to approve the proposed Bill
on the State Budget submitted by the President, the

Government shall implement the State Budget of the
preceding year.
Article 23A. All taxes and other levies for the needs of the state of
a compulsory nature shall be regulated by law.
Article 23B. The forms and denomination of the national currency
shall be regulated by law.
Article 23C. Other matters concerning state finances shall be
regulated by law.
Article 23D. The state shall have a central bank, the structure,
composition, authorities, responsibilities and independence of
which shall be regulated by law.
Chapter VIIIA
Supreme Audit Board (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan or BPK)
Article 23E. (1) To investigate the management and accountability
of state finances, there shall be a single Supreme Audit Board which
shall be free and independent.
(2) The result of any investigation of state finances shall be
submitted to the DPR, DPD or DPRD in line with their
respective authority.
(3) Action following the result of any such investigation will be
taken by representative institutions and/or bodies according
to law.
Article 23F. (1) The members of the BPK shall be chosen by the
DPR, which shall have regard to any considerations of the DPD, and
will be formally appointed by the President.
(2) The leadership of the BPK shall be elected by and from the
members.

Article 23G. (1) The BPK shall be based in the capital of the nation,
and shall have representation in every province.
(2) Further provisions regarding the BPK shall be regulated by
law.
Article 24. (1) The judicial power shall be independent and shall
possess the power to organise the Judicature in order to enforce law
and justice.
(2) The judicial power shall be implemented by a Supreme
Court and judicial bodies underneath it in the form of public
courts, religious affairs courts, military tribunals, and state
administrative courts, and by a Constitutional Court.
(3) Other institutions whose functions have a relation with the
judicial powers shall be regulated by law.
Article 24A. (1) The Supreme Court shall have the authority to hear
a trial at the highest (cassation) level, to review ordinances and
regulations made under any law against such law, and shall possess
other authorities as provided by law.
(2) Each justice of the Supreme Court must possess integrity
and a personality that is not dishonourable, and shall be fair,
professional, and possess legal experience.
(3) Candidate justices of the Supreme Court shall be proposed
by the Judicial Commission to the DPR for approval and shall
subsequently be formally appointed to office by the President.
(4) The Chair and Vice-Chair of the Supreme Court shall be
elected by and from the justices of the Supreme Court.
(5) The structure, status, membership, and judicial procedure
of the Supreme Court and its subsidiary bodies of Judicature
shall be regulated by law.
Article 24B. (1) There shall be an independent Judicial Commission
which shall possess the authority to propose candidates for
appointment as justices of the Supreme Court and shall possess
further authority to maintain and ensure the honour, dignity and
behaviour of judges.
(2) The members of the Judicial Commission shall possess
legal knowledge and experience and shall be persons of
integrity with a personality that is not dishonourable.
(3) The members of the Judicial Commission shall be
appointed and dismissed by the President with the approval of
the DPR.
(4) The structure, composition and membership of the Judicial
Commission shall be regulated by law.
Article 24C. (1) The Constitutional Court shall possess the authority
to try a case at the first and final level and shall have the final
power of decision in reviewing laws against the Constitution,
determining disputes over the authorities of state institutions
whose powers are given by this Constitution, deciding over the
dissolution of a political party, and deciding disputes over the
results of general elections.
(2) The Constitutional Court shall possess the authority to
issue a decision over an opinion of the DPR concerning
alleged violations by the President and/or Vice-President of
this Constitution.
(3) The Constitutional Court shall be composed of nine
persons who shall be constitutional justices and who shall be
confirmed in office by the President, of whom three shall be
nominated by the Supreme Court, three nominated by the
DPR, and three nominated by the President.
(4) The Chair and Vice-Chair of the Constitutional Court are
elected by and from the constitutional justices.

(5) Each constitutional justice must possess integrity and a
personality that is not dishonourable, and shall be fair, shall
be a statesperson who has a command of the Constitution
and the public institutions, and shall not hold any position as
a state official.
(6) The appointment and dismissal of constitutional justices,
the judicial procedure, and Other provisions concerning the
Constitutional Court shall be regulated by law.
Article 25. The appointment and dismissal of judges shall be
regulated by law.
Chapter IXA
State Territory
Article 25A. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is an
archipelagic state, the boundaries and rights of whose territory
shall be established by law.
Chapter X
Citizens and Residents
Article 26. (1) Citizens shall consist of indigenous Indonesian
peoples and persons of foreign origin who have been legalised as
citizens in accordance with law.
(2) Residents shall consist of Indonesian citizens and foreign
nationals living in Indonesia.
(3) Matters concerning citizens and residents shall be
regulated by law.
Article 27. (1) All citizens shall be equal before the law and the
government and shall be required to respect the law and the
government, with no exceptions.
(2) Every citizen shall have the right to work and to earn a
humane livelihood.
(3) Each citizen shall have the right and duty to participate in
the effort of defending the state.
Chapter XA
Human Rights
Article 28. The freedom to associate and to assemble, to express
written and oral opinions, etc., shall be regulated by law.
Article 28A. Every person shall have the right to live and to defend
his/her life and existence.
Article 28B. (1) Every person shall have the right to establish a
family and to procreate based upon lawful marriage.
(2) Every child shall have the right to live, to grow and to
develop, and shall have the right to protection from violence
and discrimination.
Article 28C. (1) Every person shall have the right to develop
him/herself through the fulfilment of his/her basic needs, the right
to get education and to benefit from science and technology, arts
and culture, for the purpose of improving the quality of his/her life
and for the welfare of the human race.
(2) Every person shall have the right to improve him/herself
through collective struggle for his/her rights to develop
his/her society, nation and state.
Article 28D. (1) Every person shall have the right of recognition,
guarantees, protection and certainty before a just law, and of equal
treatment before the law.
(2) Every person shall have the right to work and to receive
fair and proper remuneration and treatment in employment.
(3) Every citizen shall have the right to obtain equal
opportunities in government.
(4) Every person shall have the right to citizenship status.
Article 28E. (1) Every person shall be free to choose and to practice
the religion of his/her choice, to choose one’s education, to choose
one’s employment, to choose one’s citizenship, and to choose
one’s place of residence within the state territory, to leave it and to
subsequently return to it.
(2) Every person shall have the right to the freedom to believe
his/her faith (kepercayaan), and to express his/her views and
thoughts, in accordance with his/her conscience.
(3) Every person shall have the right to the freedom to
associate, to assemble and to express opinions.
Article 28F. Every person shall have the right to communicate and
to obtain information for the purpose of the development of his/her
self and social environment, and shall have the right to seek,
obtain, possess, store, process and convey information by
employing all available types of channels.
Article 28G. (1) Every person shall have the right to protection of
his/herself, family, honour, dignity, and property, and shall have
the right to feel secure against and receive protection from the
threat of fear to do or not do something that is a human right.
(2) Every person shall have the right to be free from torture or
inhumane and degrading treatment, and shall have the right
to obtain political asylum from another country.
Article 28H. (1) Every person shall have the right to live in physical
and spiritual prosperity, to have a home and to enjoy a good and
healthy environment, and shall have the right to obtain medical
care.
(2) Every person shall have the right to receive facilitation and
special treatment to have the same opportunity and benefit in
order to achieve equality and fairness.
(3) Every person shall have the right to social security in order
to develop oneself fully as a dignified human being.
(4) Every person shall have the right to own personal property,
and such property may not be unjustly held possession of by
any party.
Article 28I. (1) The rights to life, freedom from torture, freedom of
thought and conscience, freedom of religion, freedom from
enslavement, recognition as a person before the law, and the right
not to be tried under a law with retrospective effect are all human
rights that cannot be limited under any circumstances.
(2) Every person shall have the right to be free from
discriminative treatment based upon any grounds whatsoever
and shall have the right to protection from such discriminative
treatment.
(3) The cultural identities and rights of traditional
communities shall be respected in accordance with the
development of times and civilisations.
(4) The protection, advancement, upholding and fulfilment of
human rights are the responsibility of the state, especially the
government.
(5) For the purpose of upholding and protecting human rights
in accordance with the principle of a democratic and lawbased
state, the implementation of human rights shall be
guaranteed, regulated and set forth in laws and regulations.
Article 28J. (1) Every person shall have the duty to respect the
human rights of others in the orderly life of the community, nation
and state.
(2) In exercising his/her rights and freedoms, every person
shall have the duty to accept the restrictions established by
law for the sole purposes of guaranteeing the recognition and
respect of the rights and freedoms of others and of satisfying
just demands based upon considerations of morality, religious
values, security and public order in a democratic society.
Chapter XI
Religion
Article 29. (1) The State shall be based upon the belief in the One
and Only God.
(2) The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship,
each according to his/her own religion or belief.
Chapter XII
State Defence and Security
Article 30. (1) Every citizen shall have the right and duty to
participate in the defence and security of the state.
(2) The defence and security of the state shall be conducted
through the total people’s defence and security system, with
the Indonesian National Military (TNI) and the Indonesian
National Police (POLRI) as the main force, and the people as
the supporting force.
(3) TNI, consisting of the Army, Navy and Air Force, as an
instrument of the state has the duty to defend, protect, and
maintain the integrity and sovereignty of the state.
(4) POLRI, as an instrument of the state that maintains public
order and security, has the duty to protect, guard, and serve
the people, and to uphold the law.
(5) The structure and status of TNI and POLRI, the authority
relationships between TNI and POLRI in performing their
respective duties, the conditions concerning the participation
of citizens in the defence and security of the state, and other
matters related to defence and security, shall be regulated by
law.

Chapter XIII
Education
Article 31. (1) Every citizen has the right to receive education.
(2) Every citizen has the obligation to undertake basic
education, and the government has the obligation to fund
this.
(3) The government shall manage and organise one system of
national education, which shall increase the level of spiritual
belief, devoutness and moral character in the context of
developing the life of the nation and shall be regulated by law.
(4) The state shall prioritise the budget for education to a
minimum of 20% of the State Budget and of the Regional
Budgets to fulfil the needs of implementation of national
education.
(5) The government shall advance science and technology with
the highest respect for religious values and national unity for
the advancement of civilisation and prosperity of humankind.
Article 32. (1) The state shall advance the national culture of
Indonesia among the civilisations of the world by assuring the
freedom of society to preserve and to develop cultural values.
(2) The state shall respect and preserve local languages as
national cultural treasures.
Chapter XIV
The National Economy and Social Welfare
Article 33. (1) The economy shall be organized as a common
endeavour based upon the principles of the family system.
(2) Sectors of production which are important for the country
and affect the life of the people shall be under the powers of
the State.
(3) The land, the waters and the natural resources within shall
be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the
greatest benefit of the people.
(4) The organisation of the national economy shall be
conducted on the basis of economic democracy upholding the
principles of togetherness, efficiency with justice, continuity,
environmental perspective, self-sufficiency, and keeping a
balance in the progress and unity of the national economy.
(5) Further provisions relating to the implementation of this
article shall be regulated by law.
Article 34. (1) Impoverished persons and abandoned children shall
be taken care of by the State.
(2) The state shall develop a system of social security for all of
the people and shall empower the inadequate and
underprivileged in society in accordance with human dignity.
(3) The state shall have the obligation to provide sufficient
medical and public service facilities.
(4) Further provisions in relation to the implementation of this
Article shall be regulated by law.
Chapter XV
National Flag, Language, Coat of Arms and Anthem
Article 35. The national flag of Indonesia shall be the Red and
White (Sang Merah Putih).
Article 36. The national language shall be Indonesian (Bahasa
Indonesia).
Article 36A. The national coat of arms shall be the Pancasila eagle
(Garuda Pancasila) with the motto Unity in Diversity (Bhinneka
Tunggal Ika).
Article 36B. The national anthem shall be Indonesia Raya.
Article 36C. Further provisions regarding the national flag,
language, coat of arms and anthem shall be regulated by law.
Chapter XVI
Constitutional Amendments
Article 37. (1) A proposal to amend the Articles of this Constitution
may be included in the agenda of an MPR session if it is submitted
by at least 1/3 of the total MPR membership.
(2) Any proposal to amend the Articles of this Constitution
shall be introduced in writing and must clearly state the
articles to be amended and the reasons for the amendment.
(3) To amend the Articles of this Constitution, the session of
the MPR requires at least 2/3 of the total membership of the
MPR to be present.
(4) Any decision to amend the Articles of this Constitution
shall be made with the agreement of at least fifty per cent
plus one member of the total membership of the MPR.
(5) Provisions relating to the form of the unitary state of the
Republic of Indonesia may not be amended.
Transitional Provisions
Article I
All existing state institutions shall remain in place in order to
implement the provisions of this Constitution as long as new state
institutions are not yet established in conformity with this
Constitution.

Constitutional Text: Indonesia 1945, Amended 2002

Conclusion

Notes

See Also

References and Further Reading

About the Author/s and Reviewer/s

Author: international

Mentioned in these Entries

Bills, Education, Judicature, Other provisions, Treaties, country.


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